Imithombo yezokuxhumana

Imithombo yezokuxhumana ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana obuvumela ukudala noma ukwabelana / ukushintshaniswa kolwazi, imibono, izintshisekelo zomsebenzi, nezinye izindlela zokukhuluma ngemiphakathi ebonakalayo namanethiwekhi. Ngenkathi izinselelo encazelweni yemidiya yezenhlalo zivela ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo ezibanzi zokuzimela ezizimele nezinsiza ezenzelwe ezokuxhum ezikhona njengamanje, kunezici ezithile ezivamile.

Abasebenzisi bavame ukufinyelela izinsizakalo zemidiya yokuxhumana nabantu ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisuselwa kuwebhu kumadeskithophu nakuma-laptops, noma ukulanda izinsizakalo ezinikezela ngokusebenza kwemithombo yezokuxhumana kumadivayisi wabo weselula (isb., Ama-smartphone namathebulethi). Njengoba abasebenzisi behlanganyela nalezi zinsizakalo ze-elekthronikhi, bakha amapulatifomu asebenzisana kakhulu lapho abantu, imiphakathi, kanye nezinhlangano abangabelana ngazo, babambisane, bakhe, baxoxe, babambe iqhaza, futhi baguqule okuqukethwe okwenziwe ngabasebenzisi noma okuqukethwe okuzenzela okwakho okuthunyelwe ku-inthanethi. zisetshenziselwa ukubhala izinkumbulo; funda futhi uhlole izinto; zikhangise; futhi wakhe ubungane kanye nokukhula kwemibono kusuka ekudalweni kwamabhulogi, ama-podcast, amavidiyo, nezindawo zokudlala. Lobu budlelwano obuguqukayo phakathi komuntu nobuchwepheshe ukugxila emkhakheni ovelayo wezifundo zobuchwepheshe.

Umlando wemithombo yokuxhumana

Ukuhlelwa kokuqala kwekhompyutha

Uhlelo lwe-PLATO lwethulwa ngonyaka we-1960, ngemuva kokuthuthukiswa eNyuvesi yase-Illinois futhi ngemuva kwalokho lwathengiswa ngokuthengisa yi-Control Data Corporation. Ihlinzeka ngezinhlobo zokuqala zezinto zokuxhumana nabantu ezinokuqanjwa kwenkathi ka-1973 okufana namanothi, uhlelo lokusebenza lwesithangami somyalezo sePLATO I-TERM-talk, isici sayo sokuthumela imiyalezo ngokushesha; I-Talkomatic, mhlawumbe igumbi lokuqala lokuxoxa online; I-News Report, iphephandaba le-inthanethi eligcwele abantu, ne-blog; nohlu lokufinyelela, olunika umnikazi wefayela lamanothi noma olunye uhlelo lokusebenza ukukhawulela ukufinyelela kusethi ethile yabasebenzisi, isibonelo, abangani kuphela, ofunda nabo, noma osebenza nabo.

I-ARPANET, eyafika okokuqala ku-inthanethi ngo-1967, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970 yayisungule ukuhwebelana ngamasiko okunothile kwemibono engekho kuhulumeni / yebhizinisi kanye nezokuxhumana, njengoba kufakazelwa yinhlonipho yenethiwekhi (noma i-'netiquette ') echazwe encwadini yango-1982 yokusebenzisa ikhompyutha ku I-MIT's Laboratory Intelligence Laboratory. I-ARPANET iguquke yaba yi-Intanethi kulandela ukushicilelwa kwemininingwane yokuqala yeTransmission Control Protocol (TCP), i-RFC 675 (Specification of Internet Transmission Control Programme), ebhalwe nguVint Cerf, Yogen Dalal noCarl Sunshine ngo-1974. [13] Lokhu kwaba yisisekelo se-Usenet, ezalwa nguTom Truscott noJim Ellis ngo-1979 e-University of North Carolina eChapel Hill naseDuke University, futhi yasungulwa ngo-1980.

Isandulela sohlelo lwe-elekhtronikhi yebhodi (i-BBS), esaziwa nge-Community Memory, sase sivele ngo-1973. Ama-BBS eqiniso e-elekthronikhi afika ne-Computer Bulletin Board System eChicago, eyaqala ukuvela online ngoFebhuwari 16, 1978. Kungakabiphi, iningi amadolobha amakhulu ayeneBBS engaphezu kweyodwa esebenza ku-TRS-80, Apple II, Atari, IBM PC, Commodore 64, Sinclair, nakwamanye amakhompyutha afanayo. I-IBM PC yethulwa ngo-1981, futhi amamodeli alandelayo womabili ama-Mac computer kanye nama-PC asetshenziswa kuwo wonke ama-1980. Ama-modem amaningi, alandelwa yi-hardware yezokuxhumana ekhethekile, avumela abasebenzisi abaningi ukuthi babe ku-inthanethi ngasikhathi sinye. ICompuserve, Prodigy ne-AOL beyizinkampani ezintathu ezinkulu zeBBS futhi baba ngabokuqala ukuthuthela kwi-Intanethi ngawo-1990. Phakathi kwamaphakathi nawo-1980 kuya maphakathi nawo-1990, ama-BBS abalwa emashumini ezinkulungwane eNyakatho Melika kuphela. [] Izinkundla zemiyalezo (isakhiwo esithile semithombo yezokuxhumana) zavela ngomkhuba weBBS phakathi nawo-1980 kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990. Ngenkathi iWorld Wide Web (WWW, noma 'iwebhu') yengezwa kwi-Intanethi maphakathi nawo-1990s, izinkundla zemiyalezo zathuthela kuwebhu, zaba izinkundla ze-Intanethi, ikakhulu ngenxa yokufinyelela okungabizi komuntu ngamunye kanye nekhono phatha abantu abaningi ngasikhathi sinye kunamabhange we-telco modem.

Ubuchwepheshe be-digital imaging kanye ne-semiconductor image sensor busize ukuthuthukiswa nokuphakama kwezokuxhumana.Izithuthukisi ekwakhiweni kwamadivayisi we-metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) semiconductor, okufinyelela kuma-micron amancane bese kuba ngamazinga amancane we-micron phakathi kweminyaka yama-1980- 1990, kwaholela ekwakhiweni i-NMOS (n-type MOS) esebenzayo-pixel sensor (APS) e-Olympus ngo-1985, kwabe sekuhambisana ne-MOS (CMOS) esebenzayo-pixel sensor (i-CMOS sensor) e-NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ngo-1993. Izinzwa ze-CMOS zinikwe amandla ukwanda okukhulu kwamakhamera edijithali nezingcingo zamakhamera, okuqinise ukwanda kwezokuxhumana.

Ukucindezelwa kwedatha

Isici esibalulekile semidiya yezenhlalo ukucindezelwa kwedatha yemidiya yedijithali, ngenxa yememori ephezulu kakhulu kanye nezidingo zomkhawulokudonsa kwemidiya engacindezelwanga. I-algorithm ebaluleke kunazo zonke yokucinana yi-discrete cosine transform (DCT), inqubo yokulahlekelwa elahlekile ethi yahlongozwa okokuqala nguNasir Ahmed ngo-1972. Izindinganiso zokucindezelwa ezisuselwa ku-DCT zifaka phakathi izindinganiso ze-H.26x ne-MPEG zokufaka amakhodi wevidiyo ezethulwe kusukela ngo-1988 kuye phambili, kanye nezinga lokuminyanisa isithombe le-JPEG elethwe ngo-1992.I-JPEG yayinomthwalo omkhulu ukwanda kwezithombe zedijithali nezithombe zedijithali ezisenhliziyweni yezinkundla zokuxhumana, namazinga we-MPEG enze okufanayo kokuqukethwe kwamavidiyo edijithali ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Isimo sesithombe seJPEG sisetshenziswa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane kumanethiwekhi omphakathi nsuku zonke, kusukela ngo-2014.