Ingqalasizinda
Ingqalasizinda iqoqo lezinsiza nezimiso ezisebenzela izwe, isidlavela, noma enye indawo, [1] futhi ihlanganisa izinkonzo nezinsiza ezidingekayo ukuze umnotho wakhona, amakhaya nemishumanqa ukuba kusebenze. Ingqalasizinda yakhiwa izinhlaka zomphakathi nezangasese ezifana nemigwaqo, ujantshi, imicabeko, imihube, uhlinzeko lwamanzi, izithuthindle, ukufakwa kwamazuba, nezokuxhumanade (ezihlanganisa ukuxhumana ngoxhakaxholo nofikelelo loyacabanzi). Ngokuvamile, ingqalasizinda ichasiswa ngokuthi "izigcoyi ezingokoqobo zezinhlelo ezihlobene ezihlinzeka ngezithengiswa nezinkonzo eziyisisekelo zokwenza, nokugcina, nokuphucula izimo zokuphila zomphakathi" kanye nokunakekela imvelo ezungezile.
Izingxoxo zanamuhla ngengqalasizinda zijinge ekugxila entuthukweni elondolozekayo nakungqalasizinda engeyona ingozi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezinguquko ezinkulu zomphakathi ezidingekayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukufudumala kwezulu. Umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba, ngokuqaphela lokhu, uqhamume nenqubomgomo egxile kwingqalasizinda elondolozekayo ngohlelo lweziMpokophelo zeNtuthuko eLondolozekayo yesi-9 enesihloko esithi "IMboni, uCandululo neNgqalasizinda."
Enye indlela yokuchazisa izinhlobo ezihlukene zengqalasizinda iwukuzijinja zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: ingqalasizinda eqinileyo kanye nengqalasizinda entibintibi. Ingqalasizinda eqinileyo ingamaxhoxho oqobo ayimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwezimboni zanamuhla. Ihlanganisa imigwaqo, imicabeko, nojantshi. Ingqalasizinda entibintibi iyizo zonke izikhungo ezinakekela ezomnotho, ezemvelo, ezempilonhle, ezomphakathi, nezindinganiso zesikompilo lezwe. Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlelo zemfundo, izibalomniningo ezisemthethweni, iziqithi (parks), nezakhiwo zokuzilibazisa, izinhlangano zokugcinwa komthetho, nezinkonzo zezimo eziphuthumayo.
uMsuka
hlelaIgama elithi "ingqalasizinda" igama elisho 'izinto ezifakwa kuqala, eziyisiseko sanoma imuphi umgidingo noma uhlelo". Liyinhlanganisela yamagata amabili athi , 'ingqala' + 'isizinda', futhi azichaza kahle Izinto ezakhiwayo kuqala ezifana nemigwaqo, izinkasa, amanzi, ujantshi njll. okuyizinto ezakhiwa kuqala ngaphambi kokuthi kwakhiwe izindlu, imibijongo, noma isidlidli. Lezakhiwa ziba isizinda okwakhelwa kuso. isizinda esiyisisekel, esidingekayo ukuze konke okunye kungene kahle.
Imijinjo
hlelaIthimba langowezi-1987 loMkhandlu woCwaningo kaZwelonke waseMelika, lamukela ibizo elithi "ingqalasizinda yemisebenzi yasobala" (ingqalasizinda yemisebenzi yoMbuso/yomphakathi), lapho libhekisela kulokho:
"... kokubili izindlela zokusebenza eziqondileboth specific functional modes – umgwaqo'mkhulu, izitaladi nemicabeko; ukuthuthwa kwezinkumbi; izikhumulo zezindiza nemigwaqo yazo; uhlinzeko lwamanzi nezilekeleli zamanzi; ukukhucululwa kwamanzi; ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi nokuchithwa kwawo; ukuphehlwa kwamandla wamazuba nokuwafufukisa; ezokuxhumanade; nokuphathwa kwemfucuza eyingoziand – nohlelo oluhlanganisiwe oluqekethwe yilezimiso. Ukuqondwa kwengqalasizinda akuthinti kuphela lezakhiwo eziyimisebenzi yasobala, kodwa nezinqubo zokuyogidinga, ukuphathwa kwayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubomgomo ezinanana ndawonye nezingqekelelo zabantu kanye nezwe ukuze kuthuthwe izingudla, kuhlinzekwe ngamanzi wokuphuza nezinye izidingo, ukulahlwa kwezinto eziyimfucuza, ukuhlinzekwa nesidlakathi lapho kunesidingo, nokufufukiswa kokwaziswa emiphakathini."[2]
Inhlangano ebizwa The American Society of Civil Engineers ishicilela 'iPhepha loMbiko weNgqalasizinda' elimelela izimvo zalenhlangano ngesimo ezihlukahlukene zengqalasizinda njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kwe-4.
- ↑ . Infrastructure | Define Infrastructure at Dictionary.com
- ↑ Dahms, L., National Council on Public Works Improvement (U.S.)., National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Infrastructure Innovation. (1987). Infrastructure for the 21st century: framework for a research agenda. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.