Izilimi

 

I-Linguistics ukuhlolwa kwezilimi ngokwesayensi. I-Linguistics isekelwe ekufundeni okucatshangelwayo kanye nokuchaza ulimi futhi kuhlanganiswe nemikhakha esetshenzisiwe yezifundo zolimi nokufunda ulimi, okubandakanya isifundo sezilimi ezithile. Ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20, isayensi yolimi yavela ngokuhambisana nesifundo sezincwadi futhi ayizange isebenzise izindlela zesayensi. I-linguistics yanamuhla ibhekwa njengesayensi ngoba ihilela ukuhlaziywa okuphelele, okuhlelekile, kanye nokuqondile kwazo zonke izici zolimi - okungukuthi, ukuqonda, ezenhlalo, isiko, ingqondo, indawo ezungezile, izinto eziphilayo, izincwadi, uhlelo lolimi, I-paleographical, kanye ukwakheka.

Izindawo ezingokwesiko zokuhlaziywa kolimi zihambisana ne-syntax (imithetho ebusa ukwakheka kwemisho), i-semantiki (okusho), i-mofoloji (ukwakheka kwamagama), ifonetiki (imisindo yokukhuluma kanye nokushukuma komzimba okufana Izilimi zezandla), i-fonoloji (isimiso sokusebenza esifihlekile solimi oluthile), kanye ne-pragmatiki (indlela umongo wezenhlalo onikela ngayo enchazelweni). Izifundo ezincane ezifana ne-biolinguistics (ukuhlolwa kwezinguquko zezinto eziphilayo nokuziphendukela kolimi) kanye ne-psycholinguistics ("ukuhlolwa kwezici ezingokwengqondo olimini lwesintu) kuhlanganisa eziningi zalezi zindawo.

I-Linguistics ihlanganisa amagatsha amaningi nemikhakha emincane ehlanganisa kokubili ukusetshenziswa okucatshangelwayo nokungokoqobo. I-theoretical linguistics (kuhlanganise ne-traditional descriptive linguistics) ikhathazekile ngokuqonda isimo esivamile nesisisekelo solimi kanye nokuthuthukisa uhlaka oluvamile lwe-theoretic lokuyichaza. I-Applied Linguistics ifuna ukusebenzisa okutholakele okungokwesayensi kokufunda ulimi ngezinhloso eziwusizo, njengokuthuthukisa izindlela zokuthuthukisa imfundo yolimi nokufunda nokubhala.

Izici zolimi zingafundwa ngemibono ehlukahlukene: ngokuhambisana (ngokuchaza ukwakheka kolimi ngesikhathi esithile) noma ngokuhambisana nokwakheka (ngokuthuthukiswa komlando wolimi enkathini ethile), ngezilimi esisodwa noma ngezilimi eziningi, phakathi kwezingane noma phakathi kwabantu abadala, ngokuya ngendlela efundwayo ngayo noma ukuthi yatholakala kanjani, njengezinto ezingaqondakali, ngokwemibhalo ebhaliwe noma ngokusebenzisa i-elicitation yomlomo, futhi ekugcineni ngokuqoqwa kwedatha yemishini noma ngomsebenzi wasensimu osebenzayo.