UKUHLUZA INKONDLO: INGAPHANDLE NENGAPHAKATHI

Uma kukhulunywa ngesakhiwo senkondlo kusuke kushiwo lokho okwakhiwe ngakho inkondlo, esikubona lapho sibuka inkondlo ebhalwe phansi nalokho esikuthola uma sesiyifunda inkondlo, kusinikeze umqondo othile, kusenze sikwazi nokuzihumushela ngokwethu umyalezo imbongi ebifisa ukusidlulisela wona. UMazibuko (2018:88) uchaza athi: “Uma kuhluzwa inkondlo ngokubheka isakhiwo kusuke kubhekwa konke okutholakala enkondlweni. Isakhiwo-ke yizo zonke izicubu namathambo okusetshenziswe yimbongi ekubhaleni inkondlo.” Isakhiwo yisona esenza sikwazi ukuhlonza ukuthi inkondlo iluhlobo luni nokuthi iqukethe yiphi indikimba. Yiso futhi isakhiwo esiveza ukucikoza kwembongi, sicacise ikhono layo lokukhetha amagama, lokuhlela imigqa nokubumba amabinza enkondlo. Isakhiwo siveza izithako ezisetshenziswe yimbongi ezinjengemvumelwano, ukuxhumana, nokunye; ngokunjalo nezinongo ezinjengezithombemagama okuyizona ezigqamisa umoya othile oqukethwe yinkondlo. Isakhiwo sibunjwa ingaphandle nengaphakathi lenkondlo. Ingaphandle lifaniswa nodonga olwakhe indlu kanti ingaphakathi lifaniswa nempahla engaphakathi endlini.

Amanothi acashunwe kuleli qoqo

INGAPHANDLE LENKONDLO Ingaphandle lenkondlo wuhlaka noma isakhiwo senkondlo. Lifaniswa nengubo egqokwa inkondlo kusukela ekhanda ize iyoshaya ezinzwaneni. Kumele le ngubo ibe sobala ingakafundwa ingqikithi yenkondlo. Ake sibheke amaphuzu agqamile acutshungulwayo lapho kuhluzwa isakhiwo sangaphandle senkondlo.

Isihloko senkondlo

Isihloko yisona esiqhweba umfundi ukuba afunde inkondlo futhi yisona esehlusa inkondlo kwezinye. Isihloko esinobuciko sibonakala ngokuqoqeka okufingqa konke okuqukethwe yinkondlo. Imbongi eyiciko ikhetha isihloko esiyigama elilodwa kuye kwamathathu, kanti isuke yehlulekile ukucikoza uma inani lamagama leqile kulesi sibalo. Siba sihle futhi isihloko esiwumbuzo ngoba senza umfundi kube sengathi kubuzwa yena, ngakho naye uzizwa eyingxenye yokuqukethwe. Esinye isihloko esikhangayo yileso esiyisibabazo esenza umfundi zisuka nje awuzwe umoya nesisindo sokuqukethwe yinkondlo. Kuyamdida umfundi uma isihloko siyizinguzunga zamagama angaqondakali kalula nangokushesha. Kanti futhi isihloko singase singamkhangi umfundi uma singamagama alula kakhulu angenazimpawu zobunkondlo noma zobuciko.

Izindima

Inkondlo ibonakala ngezindima noma izitanza ezixoxa indaba noma eziqukethe umqondo othile noma umyalezo. Imvamisa izindima zithula ingxoxo engafani ncamashi nesinye isigaba. Izindima ziveza isingeniso, umzimba nesiphetho senkondlo. Izindima zivamise ukulingana ngobude, kuye ngekhono nenhloso yembongi. Kwesinye isikhathi indima iba nemigqa emide embalwa.

Kuyenzeka imbongi ingazihlukanisi izigaba kodwa kube indima eyodwa. Lokhu kungadalwa ukuthi imbongi isebenzise imigqa elinganiselwa kwelishumi nesikhombisa noma ngaphansi. Inkondlo eyisonethi yona imvamisa iba nendima eyodwa. Indima yakhiwa amabinza anomqondo owodwa kuleso sitanza. Imbongi ingahlela amabinza ngokulingana komugqa ongenhla nongezansi ukugqamisa ukuxhumana noma ukuvumelana. Kawukho umthetho oyisimbelambela mayelana nobude nobungako bezindima enkondlweni. Kuba kuhle nokho uma kunokuhleleka okuthile, kungabi ngamadluladlulane nje enza ukuba inkondlo ibe yinhlakanhlaka engalandeleki futhi engenaso isigqi nomgqumo owenziwa ngukuhlelwa ngesinono kwezindima.

Imigqa

Imigqa yakha indima yenkondlo. Umugqa ngamunye uletha umlayezo ogcwele. Uma umlayezo ungagcwali emgqeni uyaye uphelele emgqeni olandelayo. Inani lemigqa yilona esihlonza ngalo ubunono nobudlabha bembongi. Umugqa ungase ube yigama elilodwa vo uma imbongi iyiciko ekufingqeni. Imvamisa umugqa omuhle onobunkondlo uba negama elilodwa kuye kwamane. Kusuke sekuqala ukuba yinkulumo evamile nje uma umugqa usunamagama angaphezu kwaleli nani. Imigqa ibamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuvezeni isigqi nomoya wenkondlo. Ukuvaleka nokuvuleka kwemigqa kugqamisa isigqi. Imigqa evalekile yileyo eneziphumuzi ekugcineni kanti evulekile yileyo enganaziphumuzi ekugcineni. Inkondlo uma inemigqa emide futhi evalekile, isigqi siyanensa kanti uma imigqa imifishane futhi ingenazo iziphumuzi ekugcineni, isigqi siyashesha.

Ukwelekana kwemigqa

UMaphumulo (1995) uthi ukwelekana yindlela yokuhlela imigqa yenkondlo ivuleke. Umugqa othile uye unqanyulwe ungakapheleli umqondo owethulwayo, bese lowo mqondo ukapakela emgqeni olandelayo. Uma ephawula ngokwelekana kwemigqa, uMsimang (1997: 130) uthi: “Yisu elihle leli uma sifuna ukugqamisa umqondo othile. Igama okumele libe sekupheleni komugqa siyalithatha siyoqala ngalo umugqa olandelayo. Uma selisekuqaleni lithola isisindo esithile.” Kuyacaca-ke ukuthi uma kuhluzwa inkondlo kufanele kubhekwe ukwelekana kwemigqa ukunquma ukuthi imbongi iphumelele yini ekucikozeni kwayo. Imbongi ingasebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene ukuveza lokhu kwelekana kwemigqa.

Isikhawu/ Isuzura

Isizura noma isikhawu wuphawu, isiphumuzi noma isikhanyisi okutholakala phakathi nomugqa. Isiphumuzi singaveza ukushesha nokunensa kwesigqi senkondlo. Nanxa imvamisa isikhawu sinconywa ngokuba yisithako sobuciko enkondlweni, uMhlanga (1994:71) yena uthi: “Isikhawu sinakho ukuphazamisa isigqi senkondlo okwesikhashana.”

I-enjambementi

I-enjambamenti imvamisa kuba umugqa owodwa ophelela emgqeni olandelayo. Kuba umugqa ovulekile, bese umqondo uphelele emgqeni olandelayo. I-enjambamenti akuvamile ukuthi kube imigqa angaphezulu kwemibili.

Impindwa

Impindwa wumugqa olokhu uphindwa kaningana. Lo mugqa uvamise ukuthi uphindwe isitanza nesitanza. Imbongi isuke iveza ukugcizelela okuthile kulokhu ekhuluma ngakho. Impindwa ingaba sekuqaleni noma ekugcineni kwesitanza. Kuyenzeka umugqa ungafani ncamashi nomunye. Impindwa ayifani nempindamqondo. Impindwa ingaphandle lenkondlo kanti impindamqondo ingaphakathi lenkondlo. Mayelana nempindwa, uMsimang (1997:127) unika nasi isexwayiso sesidingo sokucophelela uma imbongi isebenzisa impindwa njengesithako sobunkondlo: “Abahluzi bayavumelana ngokuthi uma impindwa izolokhu ibukezwa njengoba injalo, igcina inesicefe. Kuba mnandi uma kude kuba nezinguqukwana ezithile.”

Ukuxhumana

Ukuxhumana wukuphinda ilunga legama njengoba linjalo emigqeni elandelanayo. Kungaba imigqa emibili noma engaphezulu kwemibili lapho kuphindwaphindwa igama elithile elifanayo. Ukuxhumana kwamagama noma imigqa kwenza inkondlo ibe nesigqi kanye nomgqumo wobunkondlo. Lokhu kuphindaphinda kubuye kuhlobise inkondlo. Ukuxhumana kuphinda isiqu sonke segama njengoba linjalo. UButhelezi (1996: 115) uphawula athi ngokuxhumana: “Amavesi noma imigqa emibili kumbe eyevile iyaxhunyaniswa ngokuphinda igama elithile noma ingxenye yegama lelo. Bakhona-ke nabakubiza ngemvumelwano ukuxhumana.” Ziningana-ke izinhlobo zokuxhumana:

Ukuxhumana okusekuqaleni

Lapha igama elisekuqaleni komugqa liphindwa kumugqa olandelayo khona ekuqaleni, futhi kungaba imigqa engaphezu kwemibili. Lokhu kuphindwa kwamagama afanayo imbongi ingakwenza igcizelela okuthile.

Ukuxhumana - siqalo okweqayo ==

Lapha igama okuqalwe ngalo emgqeni wokuqala lingaphindwa emgqeni wesithathu noma wesine. Imbongi ikwenza ngenhloso yokugcizelela umqondo noma ikhumbuze umfundi ukuthi igxile kuliphi iphuzu kuleso sitanza. Lokhu kuxhumana kumele kube amagama anephethini efanayo yegama elithokala emgqeni wokuqala, wesithathu nowesihlanu.

Ukuxhumana maphakathi

Lapha igama eliphakathi komugqa liphindwa emigqeni emibili noma engaphezulu elandelanayo. Lokhu kuxhumana kufanele kube amagama afanayo futhi atholakala kuleso sitanza. Lapha kubhekwa isitanza ngasinye, kuphinde kubhekwe esinye esilandelayo. Lokhu kuxhumana imvamisa kubhekwa emigqeni elinganayo ngokwesakhiwo.

Ukuxhumana sigcino

Lapha igama elisekugcineni komugqa liphindwa emigqeni emibili elandelanayo. Lapha kubhekwa amagama okugcina afanayo emigqeni emibili noma engaphezulu kwemibili elandelanayo. Kanjalo nalapha kubhekwa ukuxhumana kwamagama afanayo futhi aphelele.

Ukuxhumana okuphambanayo

Lapha igama elisekugcineni eliba sesandleni sokudla emgqeni wokuqala liphindwa emgqeni wesibili esandleni sokunxele. Kwesinye isikhathi uthola igama elisekuqaleni emgqeni wokuqala liba sekugcineni emgqeni wesibili.

Ukuxhumana okumazombe

Lolu hlobo luxhumanisa igama elilodwa elilokhu liphindaphindwa ezindaweni eziningana ezahlukene zemigqa ehlukene. Igama ulithola ekuqaleni, litholakale maphakathi nasekugcineni, kuye ngokuthi imbongi iwuhlele kanjani umqondo wayo (Thwala, 2005:75). Lolu hlobo lugqama kakhulu ezinkondlweni zoMdabu. Lolu hlobo abahluzi kubukeka sengathi balushaya indiva njengoba kungavamisile ukuthi bakhulume ngalo. Okugqamayo ngukuthi izimbongi ziyabhala ngalolu hlobo nakuba nazo zingakuvezi uma sezihluza izinkondlo.

Imvumelwano

Imvumelwano siyithola ngokuvela kwemisindo efanayo emalungeni athize amagama emgqeni elandelanayo esigabeni. Umsebenzi osemqoka wemvumelwano ngukunandisa inkondlo ngaleyo misindo efanayo ephindwa emigqeni. Imvumelwano isiza imbongi ekuphindeni imisindo efanayo futhi yenza ukuthi inkondlo ibe nobuhle obenelisayo. Iphinde inikeze isigqi esithile ezinkondlweni. Lokhu kwenza ukuba izwakale kahle uma ihaywa noma ifundwa.

Imvumelwano-siqalo

Imvumelwano-siqalo yilapho kutholakala ukuvumelana kwezinhlamvu noma kwemisindo emagameni atholakala ekuqaleni kwemigqa. Lokhu kuvumelana kungaba unkamisa noma ungwaqa. UMakhambeni (1989:38) ubeka athi imvamisa siye sithole le mvumelwano ngokuvumelana konkamisa abafanayo, kwezakhi namalunga ekuqaleni kwemigqa yendima. Ngesinye isikhathi inkondlo ayibi nayo imvumelwano siqalo kuzo zonke izindima zenkondlo; uyithola ithe gqa gqa kuleyo naleyo ndima.

Imvumelwano-siqalo eyeqayo

Kulolu hlobo kuphindwa izinhlamvu noma amalunga anomsindo ofanayo. Umehluko ngukuthi le mvumelwano kayilandelani; kubakhona ukweqa okwenzeka emigqeni engalandelani kodwa kube sendimeni eyodwa. Imvumelwano siqalo eyeqayo isho ukuvumelana kwezinhlamvu noma imisindo efanayo emigqeni engalandelani.

Imvumelwano-maphakathi

Imvumelwano-maphakathi ichaza ukuvumelana kwezinhlamvu noma imisindo efanayo emagameni atholakala maphakathi nomugqa wenkondlo. Lolu hlobo lutholakala phakathi emigqeni emibili noma emithathu elandelanayo.

Imvumelwano-maphakathi eyeqayo

Imvumelwano-maphakathi eyeqayo isho ukuvumelana kwezinhlamvu noma kwemisindo efanayo emagameni atholakala phakathi kwemigqa, phakathi kwaleyo migqa kufanele kubekhona umugqa oyehlukanisayo. Lokhu kuvumelana kuyenzeka kungatholakali enkondlweni ngoba akumiselwe mgomo.

Imvumelwano-sigcino yelunga

Lolu hlobo lwemvumelwano lubheka ukufana kwezinhlamvu noma ukuxhumana komqondo wamagama athile ngokusebenzisa imvumelwano. Kungaba amalunga amabili kuya phezulu agcina ngezinhlamvu ezifanayo ekugcineni komugqa.

Ifanamsindo nesigqi

Ifanamsindo imvamisa lihambisana nesigqi senkondlo. Ifanamsindo lisho imisindo eyenziwa izinhlamvu ezifanayo emgqeni wenkondlo emabinzeni aqoqene ndawonye. UZulu noMbhele (1989:121) bathi ifanamsindo lisetshenziselwa ukunandisa inkondlo kanti futhi lidala ukubumbana phakathi komqondo nemisindo yamazwi kulowo mugqa uma lelo fanamsindo lenanela umqondo okulowo mugqa. Ifanamsindo lehlukaniswe ngokuthi kukhona ifanamsindo lonkamisa kanye nefanamsindo longwaqa. Imvamisa lokhu kufana kugqama kakhulu emgqeni owodwa wenkondlo. Lokhu kubuye kudale isigqi esihambisana nomgqumo wenkondlo. Ifanamsindo, ifuzamsindo kanye nesigqi ngezinye zezinongo zenkondlo ezibalulekile kakhulu uma kubhekwa ingaphandle lenkondlo.

Ifanamsindo lonkamisa

Ifanankamisa ligxile ekuhlelweni konkamisa kuphela emabinzeni enkondlo. Lokhu imvamisa kubonakala emgqeni owodwa wenkondlo. UMhlanga (1994:73) uthi ifanankamisa ngukuphindaphindeka kukankamisa ofanayo emgqeni wenkondlo. Lokhu kuphindaphinda kwenza ukuthi inkondlo ibe nomgqumo omnandi oba samculo enkondlweni.

Ifanamsindo longwaqa

Lapha kuphindaphindwa ongwaqa abafanayo emgqeni owodwa noma ngaphezulu kwababili ngenhloso yokugcizelela. Lokhu kuphindaphinda ongwaqa kwenzelwa ukuhlobisa, ukunandisa kanye nokuveza isigqi enkondlweni. Ukuphindwa kwemisindo kwenza umqondo owethulwayo ugqame kahle, nomfundi acacelwe kahle ukuthi inkondlo ikhuluma ngani. UMhlanga (1994:73) uthi ukuphindwa kukangwaqa lokhu kungenzelwa ukuhlobisa nje. Kuyenzeka futhi kuthi ongwaqa baphindwe ukuze bahambelane nomqondo walokho okushiwoyo.

Ifuzamsindo

Ifuzamsindo ngamagama afuze eminye imisindo ngokwempimiso. La magama aze azwakale kahle uma kuphinyiswa umsindo. UMakhambeni (1989:118) uthi lo msindo wenziwa ngamagama asuselwa emsindweni wezinto ezithile. Lapho uwafunda la magama ube usuyazikhumbula lezo zinto okususelwa kuzona. Imvamisa iningi lawo lisuselwa kusenzukuthi. Ifuzamsindo nalo liletha umgqumo omnandi enkondlweni.

Isigqi senkondlo

Isigqi sigqamisa ingaphandle lenkondlo sibuye sigqamise nengaphakathi lenkondlo. Siqukethe cishe konke okutholakala enkondlweni. Isigqi silawula ububanzi bemigqa yenkondlo ngokuthi kube nemigqa emide kanye nemifishane UMsimang (1986:07) uthi isigqi wumnyakazo ongumgqumo othile odalwa ukulandelana kwemisindo ehlelwe ngemitha noma olunye uhlelo emgqeni. Kanti uButhelezi (2005:24) yena ubeka kanje: “Ukusebenzisa isigqi kuthinta imizwa, kokhele injabulo, usizi, umunyu, ukwesaba kanye nentokozo, futhi kwakha nemifanekiso efunwa ngumbhali.”

= INGAPHAKATHI LENKONDLO

Ingaphakathi lenkondlo livela uma sekufundwa ingqikithi kanye nokushi Indikimba ingumongo noma ingqikithi yenkondlo. Kubhekwa ukuthi inkondlo ikhuluma ngani. Indikimba ivamise ukuba igama elilodwa, amabili, ngisho namathathu kuye phezulu, njengokuthi nje imfundo, inkolo, ukucwaswa kwezifiki, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane nezingane, ukuba ngumzali ongayedwana, njalonjalo. Kuvamile ukuba abanye ubadide umehluko phakathi kwendikimba nomyalezo. Indikimba sesiyichazile, kanti umyalezo usho ilaka lembongi ngendikimba nalokho efuna sikuqaphele okuyikhona esingathi kungumyalezo owedluliswa yimbongi ngenkondlo leyo. Ngokwesibonelo, indikimba kungase kube ngubugebengu bese umyalezo wembongi uthi ubugebengu kabukhokheli noma kabunamvuzo ohlala njalo.

Umqondo wenkondlo

Umqondo wenkondlo utholakala ngokuthi umfundi azibuze ukuthi “ikhuluma ngani inkondlo?” Umfundi angabuye azibuze ukuthi “ithini ingqikithi noma indikimba yenkondlo?” Inkondlo kuyenzeka ibe nemiqondo emibili; umqondo osabala nomqondo ocashile.

Umqondo osobala

Lokhu yilokho okushiwo inkondlo njengoba kunjalo. UMazibuko (2018:95) uchaza athi: “Lona ngumqondo ocacile inkondlo esiyifunda kanye nje bese siwuthola. Lokhu imvamisa kwenzeka uma imbongi isebenzise ulimi olulula oluqondakala kalula noma uma ikhuluma ngento ecacela noma ngubani.” Sibheka lokhu okusobala kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kufike ekugcineni kwayo inkondlo. Uma inkondlo ikhuluma ngokufa, umqondo walokho ungaba sobala zisuka nje uma isihloko sithi, “Ngiyakuzonda Kufa” bese inkondlo yonke ikhuluma ngokushona kwabazali bembongi nezingane zakwabombongi enhlekeleleni yengozi yebhasi, imbongi yasala iyintandane. Konke kusobala kule nkondlo futhi kugxile ephuzwini elilodwa eliwubunuku bokufa.

Umqondo ocashile

Abanye abahluzi bathi lona ngumqondo ojulile. Lapha sibheka inkulumo ecashile evezwa yizithombemagama. Lo mqondo uvezwa ngumoya wenkondlo kanye nolimi olusetshenziswe enkondlweni. Uma umfundi ekhipha umqondo ocashile kumele atomule amagama esenkondlweni afakazela lokho okushiwo yinkondlo. Umqondo ocashile yilokho esikuthola uma sesiyibhekisisa inkondlo seqela ngale komqondo osobala. Imbongi ingase ikhulume ngentaba eqwaleka kanzima bese kuthi uma sesibukisisa sithole ukuthi kayikhulumi nje ngentaba evamile kodwa isho impumelelo okufinyeleleka kanzima esicongweni sayo. Kubalulekile nokho ukukhumbula lokho okushiwo nguMazibuko (2018:95): “Umqondo ojulile kawusho ukuthi kufanele singayizwa inkondlo ukuthi ithini; kunalokho usho ukuthi imbongi isambulela okujulile kunalokho thina esingezona izimbongi esikubonayo noma esikuqondayo.

Umoya wenkondlo

Lapha sibheka umoya imbongi esuke ikuwona ngesikhathi ibhala inkondlo. Lo moya siwuthola uma sifundisisa inkondlo. Kungaba umoya wosizi, wokukhathazeka, wokubalisa, wokujabula noma ukuthakasa. Imbongi kuyenzeka ibe nomoya wokuncenga, wokugxeka, wokulwa, ukulangazelela, njalonjalo. Imbongi lokho ikwenza ngokusebenzisa amagama ayimifanekiso-mqondo. Inkondlo kuyenzeka ibe nomoya oxubile futhi imbongi ingayihlukanisa le mimoya ngezindima.

Impindamqondo

Impindamqondo ngukuphindwa kwemigqa emibili noma ngaphezulu elandelanayo equkethe umqondo ofanayo noma owodwa. Le migqa iba nasesitanzeni esisodwa. Lokhu imbongi isuke ikwenza ngenhloso yokugcizelela lokho ekhuluma ngakho.

Izithombemagama/ imifanekisomqondo =

Izithombe-magama wuhlobo lwamagama esetshenziswa yimbongi ngolimi lokugigiyela. Umfundi uthi lapho efunda la magama kwakheke isithombe esithile emqondweni. Izithombemagama zisiza ukufingqa inkulumo yembongi ukuze iqoqeke kahle. Izithombemagama zisebenzisa izinzwa okuyizona ezigqamisa indikimba, umqondo kanye nomoya wenkondlo.

Isingathekiso

Lolu wuhlobo lwesithombemagama oluhambisana nesifaniso esiyifinyeziwe. Isingathekiso sikhuluma siqondise ngqo ngaleyo nto kodwa sona sihlobanisa izinto okuthi nanxa zingefani ngqo kodwa imbongi ibone ukufana okuthile kuzona ngenxa yezizathu ezithile. UNyatsumba (2012:100) uthi: “Isingathekiso senza umsebenzi ofanayo nesifaniso. Umehluko nje ngukuthi isingathekiso asilokhu sithathela sifanisa. Sishaya ngezinqamulelayo. Into sivele siyibize ngento le efana nayo…Okuphawulekayo wukuthi isingathekiso sinemba kangcono kunesifaniso ngenxa yalokhu kunqamulela.” Kwesinye isikhathi siyagigiyela singakubizi ngqo okufaniswa nakho.”

Isifaniso

Lolu wuhlobo lwesithombemagama oluqhathanisa izinto ezimbili ezingafani. Lolu hlobo lubonakala ngelezi ziphongozo: kuhle kwe-, okwe-,oko-, nganga-,njenga-, saku-, kuna-; fuze-, fana, njll. UButhelezi (1997: 104) usichaza kanje isifaniso: “Yisona sifengqo sokufanisa esijwayelekile lesi ebunkondlweni. Futhi kulula ukusibona nokusizwa. Sisetshenziselwa ukuqhathanisa izinto ezingafani ncamashi kepha ezinokuthile okuzenza zihambelane noma zidlelane, njengokuthi nje intokazi kuthiwe ifana nesihlabathi solwandle noma kuthiwe ifana nembali.” Kanti Mazibuko (2018: 97) yena uxwayisa kanje: “Imbongi eyiciko iyakugwema ukusebenzisa izifaniso ezingusandanezwe; kunalokho ikhetha lezo ezingavamile noma ezizoqhakambisa ikhono layo lokuqhathanisa nokuhlobanisa.”

Isenzamuntu

Lolu hlobo lucishe luthi alube yisifaniso. Lapha kuthathwa izenzo zezinto eziphilayo nezingaphili okungaba imvelo, izilwane noma izithuthi zenze izenzo ezenziwa abantu. UMsimang (1997:137) uthi: “Enye indlela yokwenzasamuntu wukunikeza into engaphili imizwelo yabantu bese futhi yenza izinto ezenziwa abantu.”

Isenzasilwane

Lolu hlobo luvezwa izenzo okungaba ezabantu noma izinto ezingaphili kodwa zenzisa okwesilwane. UMsimang (1997:138) ucacisa kanje: “Ukwenzasasilwane wukunikeza izimpawu zobulwane (izitho zomzimba kanye nezenzo) entweni engenampilo. Kanti njalo nabantu (yize benempilo) singabenza izilwane; uzwe sebethi yimbube abanye sebethi yisilo.”

Umqondominingi

Lolu hlobo lungena ngaphansi kwesifenqo. Kuke kusetshenziswe nelithi umqondombaxa esikhundleni selithi umqondomningi. Kokubili kusasho igama elingase lisho okunye kube kuqondwe okunye noma lihumusheke ngezindlela eziningana. Lapha imbongi ithula umqondo othi lapho uwufunda uthole imiqondo eminingi ehlukene equkethwe. Kuyenzeka imbongi isebenzise lolu hlobo lwesifenqo ingaqondile. UNyatsumba (2012: 105) wenaba kanje ukucacisa: “Lesi sifenqo sisebenza ngempumelelo enkulu ezinkondlweni ezingamasathaya. Zona phela zisuke zihlose khona ukucasha nokugigiyela. Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi amagama angahlobene njengo-bala wokusho inani lento no-baleka (wokugijima ukuze ushiye into) bangagcina sebecishe basho into eyodwa (behlukane ngokunakisiswa) uma bebekwe ngendlela ethile emshweni.”

Isihlonipho

Lolu wuhlobo lwesifenqo esisiza ukuthambisa ulimi oluhlabayo noma olulumelayo. Imbongi icwenga amagama ahlobahlosile ahambisana nalokho ekhuluma ngakho. UMaphumulo noThwala (1992:85) bakuchaza kanjena lokhu: “Lapha kusihlonipho kuthanjiswa inkulumo ngokusebenzisa igama elinobunono, lihlonipha leso senzo. Lapha imbongi isuke igwema ukuthi lingase lilumele kwabaningi uma iligagula.”

Isimeleli (Imethonimi)

Isimeleli sisebenza ukumela elinye igama; la magama amelanayo anikeza incazelo eyodwa futhi noma umqondo owodwa nanxa kungamagama angafani noma abukeka engahlobene. .USibiya (2012: 118) uchaza ngamafuphi: “Isimeleli wukubizwa kwento ethile ngegama lento esondelene noma ehambisana nayo.” Kanti uButhelezi (2005: 37) uyenaba ekuchazeni kwakhe: “Isimeleli ukusebenzisa umfanekiso imethonimi omele okuthile, hhayi ngoba kufana kodwa ngoba nje lokho okuthile kunobudlelwane negama elikumele. Kungenzeka ukuba lokho okuthile kuxhumane negama ngoba kuqukethwe, njengokuthi, ‘Lesi sidakwa sithanda ibhodlela’”

Ukubhinqa

Lapha imbongi isebensiza ulimi lokugigiyela. Lokhu ekhuluma ngakho ayikubeki ngqo kodwa ikhuluma sakuthemeleza kungathi isho enye into. USibiya (2012:118) lokhu ukuchaza kanje: “Umbhinqo wukuhlanekezela inkulumo ngoba ufuna ukugqamisa ubunjalo baleyo nto okukhulunywa ngayo.” UNyatsumba (2012:101) yena uchaza athi: “Ukubhinqa kutholakala lapho imbongi igcona umuntu noma isimo esithile ngokuthi isho okuphikisanayo nalokho okuyiqiniso. Kumuntu oyivila kuzothiwa, ‘Ukhuthele kakhulu phela lowo yikho nje enganalutho nje.’”

Ihaba

Ihaba yisifenqo esikhulisa okuncane kube kukhulu noma okukhulu kube kuncane kakhulu. Lifana nesisho. Imbongi iveza leso simo ukuze kugqame ekushoyo noma ekhuluma ngakho. UMhlanga noThwala (2008:90) balichaza kanje ihaba: “Ihaba liyindlela yokubhala esetshenziswa yimbongi ukuchaza ubunjalo bento ngokuyandisa ngokwedlulele. Lokhu kubeka kwayo into ngendlela ekhukhumalisiwe kuye kuhambisane nomoya wembongi mayelana nalokho esuke ihaya ngakho.”

= Uteku

Lolu wuhlobo lwesifengqo lapho imbongi isebenzisa ulimi olukitazayo noma oluhlekisayo. Luwubuciko obukhulu uteku kwazise akuyona yonke imbongi ekwazi ukutekula. Sizokhumbula nokuthi okungase kube wuteku komunye kungase kungabi njalo komunye. Uteku imbongi ingaluveza ngokuchaza okuthile, isimo noma isigameko ngendlela ehlekisayo. Kokunye ingasebenzisa inkulumompendulwano ukuveza uteku enkondlweni. Ihaba elingaba ukukhulisa noma ukunciphisa okuthile liyisu eliphumelela kakhulu uma imbongi izama ukufaka uteku enkondlweni. Ngenxa yokuthi uteku luwubuciko obugqozayo, akuvamile ukuba siluthole enkondlweni yonke; kunalokho luye luthi gqwa gqwa emigqeni ethile, kuye ngobuciko bembongi. Omunye angathi yikhona okuhle lokho kunokuba inkondlo yonke ibe wuteku olungagcina selunobudadada obuthile obungase budunge umqondo nomyalezo obuhloswe yimbongi.

I-anakhronizimu

Kulolu hlobo kusetshenziswa amagama angahambisani nesikhathi okukhulunywa ngaso enkondlweni. Lapha imbongi ixubanisa inkathi. Singathola imbongi idingida izinto ezenzeka kudala bese ilinganisa nokwenzeka esikhathini samanje. Uthi lapho uyifunda uthole ithinte izinto zanamuhla ezingahambisani nenkathi yasendulo. Isibonelo: Ngidla ngoludala loShaka noDingane, Intombi engaqqonyiswa ko-Facebook,Intombi engaqonyiswa ko-WhatsApp.

Lesi siveza inkathi yakudala ilinganisa nenkathi yesimanje lapho izwe selithuthukile ngezobucwepheshe.

I-okzimoroni =

Imbongi ingasebenzisa amagama enokuphikisana emgqeni owodwa. La magama aba nomqondo ophikisanayo ndawonye. Imvamisa lawa magama alandelana emgqeni owodwa wenkondlo. Isibonelo: kuhle kabi ukuziphatha kwentsha.

=== Isenekdokhi (synecdoche) ===== ===

Kulolu hlobo kubizwa into ephephelele ibizwe ngengxenye yayo noma ibizwe ngengxenye ephelele. Isbonelo: uthenge amasondo amane amasha (imoto),kukhona iso eliqhaphle (umuntu), kunesandla sesithathu lapha (umuntu).

Isenzukuthi

Lolu uhlobo lwesifengqo oluchaza ukwenzeka noma isenzeko sento ethile. Sichaza umsindo, sibuye sichaze izimo eziphathelene nokwenzeka komsindo; isibonelo: ugesi uthe bani! bani!).

IMITHOMBO ESETSHENZISIWE

Buthelezi, J.C. 2005. Lezi Zinkondlo Zami Zimbokodo. Pretoria: Kalahari Publishers.

Buthelezi, L.B.Z. 1995. Amathambo Ekhanda. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter& Shooter.

Dlamini-Myeni, G.B. & Sibiya, N.G. 2021. ‘Codeswitching in Contemporary isiZulu Performance Poetry. Literator 42(1) k. 1-8.

Makhambeni, N.M. 1989. Ihluzo 3. Pretoria: De Jager Haum. Maphumulo, A.M. 1995. Masikhe Ngenkezo. Pietemaritzburg: Reach Out.

Maphumulo, A.M. & Thwala, J.J. 1993. Izibonkolo. Houghton: Heinemann.

Mathenjwa, L.F. Umcakulo. Pinetown: KZN Books Mazibuko, G.B. 2018. Zidla Inkotha. Scottsville: UKZN Press.

Mhlanga, E. J. 1994. Amadwala Ezimpophoma. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Mhlanga, E.J. & Thwala, J.J. 2008. Amahlokohloko. Pretoria: Aktua Press.

Msimang, C.T. 1985. Izimbongi Izolo Nanamuhla. Pretoria: Bard 1997. Ilanga Lokuthula. Pretoria: Aktua Press. Myeni, G.B. 2019. An Analysis of Contemporary isiZulu Performance Poetry. Ucwaningo Olungashicilelwe Lweziqu ZobuDokotela. Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal.

Ntuli, D. B. & Makhambeni, N. M. 1998. Izimpande. Pretoria: Unisa Press. Nyanda, G.C. & Thwala, J.J. 2004. Intathakusa. Goodwod: Nasou- via Afrika Nyatsumba, K.M. 2012. Umlozi. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.

Sibiya, N.G. 2012. Amadlingozi. Pretori. Unisa Press. Thwala, D. 2005. Ucwaningo Lwesakhiwo Sangaphandle Ezinkondlweni Zika-EJ Mhlanga. Ucwaningo Olungashicilelwe Lweziqu ZobuDokotela. KwaDlangezwa: University of Zululand.

Zulu, E.S.Q. 1989. Unyazi 3. Pietermaritzburg: Centaur. Zulu, E.S.Q. & Mbhele, N. F. 1989. Unyazi. Pietermaritzburg: Centaur.