ULwazi
ULwazi lungachasiswa ngokuthi ukuqaphela isiminya (amaqiniso) noma amakhono asebenzayo, futhi lungabhekisela nasekwazini izinto noma izimo. uLwazi lweziminya, olubuye lubizwe ulwazi lwesiphakamiso, luvame ukuchasiswa njengokholo lweqiniso oluhlukile embonweni noma ingqagelweni ngenxa yesihlanguzo esihle. Nakuba kunokuvumelana okubanzi phakathi kosonjulalwazi ukuthi ulwazi lwesiphakamiso luwuhlobo lokholo lweqiniso, izimpikiswano eziningi zenjulalwazi zigxila esihlanguzweni: ukuthi ingabe luyadingeka ngempela, nokuthi singaluqonda kanjani, nokuthi ingabe kukhona okunye okudingekayo kunalo. Lezi zimpikiswano zanda ngamandla ngenxa yochunge lwemigcanso yokucabanga eyenziwa nguEdmund Gettier futhi zahlokoloza izichasiso ezinye ezihlukile. Ezinye zazo zilandula ukuthi isihlanguzo siyindingeko futhi zifaka ezikhundleni saso, ngokwesibonelo, ukwethembeka noma ukubonkaliswa kwezici zokuqonda. Ezinye ziphika ngokuthi isihlanguzo siyadingeka kodwa zicabayo izimfuneko ezengeziwe, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi abekho abanqobi bokholo noma ngokuthi umuntu akanakuba nokholo uma lungamanga.
