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Amalungelo abantu

Amalungelo abantu ayizimiso zokuziphatha noma izinkambiso zamazinga athile okuziphatha kwabantu futhi avikelwa njalo emthethweni kamasipala nokazwelonke. [1]  Ngakho-ke lamalungelo awanakunqunywa kubantu, [2] kungakhathaliseki ubudala babo, imvelaphi yobuhlanga, indawo, ulimi, inkolo, ubuzwe, nanoma yisiphi esinye isimo. [3] Asebenza umhlaba wonke ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi aphinde alingane kuwo wonke umuntu. [3]Adinga uzwelo kanye nokubeka isibopho kubantu ukuthi bahloniphe amalungelo wabanye abantu, [4] [3] ngokomthetho abantu akufanele ukuba baphucwe amalungelo wabo ngaphandle kwezimo ezithile eziphoqayo.

Imfundiso yamalungelo abantu ibe nomthelela omkhulu ngaphakathi komthetho wamazwe, wezifundazwe kanye nezikhungo zomhlaba jikelele. [3] Izenzo zezifunda kanye nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni zakha isisekelo senqubomgomo yomphakathi emhlabeni wonke. Umbono wamalungelo abantu uphakamisa ukuthi "uma inkulumo yomphakathi igqugquzela isikhathi sokuthula, umhlaba wonke kungathiwa unolimi olujwayelekile lokuziphatha okuyilelo lwamalungelo abantu". [5]  Izimangalo eziqinile ezenziwa imfundiso yamalungelo abantu ziyaqhubeka nokubangela ukungabaza okukhulu kanye nezinkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nokuqukethwe imvelo kanye nokufaneleka kwamalungelo abantu kuze kube namuhla. Incazelo enembayo yegama elithi ilungelo iyimpikiswano futhi iyisihloko senkulumompikiswano yefilosofi eqhubekayo ; [6]  nakuba kukhona ukuvumelana kokuthi amalungelo abantu ahlanganisa amalungelo anhlobonhlobo amaningi [2] njengelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngendlela efanele, ukuvikelwa ekugqilazweni, ukuvinjelwa kokubulawa kwabantu, inkulumo ekhululekile [7] noma ilungelo lemfundo, kukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye mayelana nokuthi yimaphi kulawa malungelo athile okufanele afakwe phakathi kohlaka olujwayelekile lwamalungelo abantu; [4] abanye ongqondongqondo banenkomba yokuthi amalungelo abantu kufanele abe imfuneko encane kakhulu ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlukunyezwa okubi kakhulu, kuyilapho abanye bekubona njengezinga eliphakeme kakhulu. [4] [8] Kubuye kuphikiswane ngokuthi amalungelo abantu “aphiwe uNkulunkulu ”, nakuba lo mbono uye wagxekwa.

Imibono eminingi eyisisekelo eyanyakazisa inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yathuthukiswa ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili kanye nezehlakalo zokuqothulwa kwesizwe.[9]i-United Nations General Assembly ngonyaka ka 1948 yafinyelela kuvuthondaba ngokwamukelwa kwesimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu e-Paris. Abantu basendulo nabantu besimanje banombono ohlukile mayelana namalungelo wabantu. [10]  Isandulela sangempela senkulumo yamalungelo abantu kwakuwumqondo wamalungelo emvelo owavela njengengxenye yesiko lomthetho wemvelo wangenkathi ephakathi owagqama ngesikhathi sokukhanyiswa kwase- Yurophu nezazi zefilosofi ezinjengoJohn Locke, Francis Hutcheson noJean -Jacques Burlamaqui futhi owawunenhlanganiso ikakhulukazi enkulumweni yezepolitiki neNguquko YaseMelika kanye neNguquko YaseFrance . [9] Kusukela kulesi sisekelo, izimpikiswano zanamuhla zamalungelo abantu zavela kungxenye yokugcina yekhulu lamamashumi amabili, [11]  ngokungokwenzeka njengokusabela ebugqilini, ukuhlukunyezwa, isimemezelo sokuzimela [9] njengokuqaphela ubuthakathaka bemvelo yomuntu kanye nanjengombandela wokuba khona komphakathi onobulungiswa . [2] Ukulwela amalungelo abantu kuqhubekile kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka lama-21, kugxile ekuzuzeni inkululeko enkulu yezomnotho nepolitiki. [2]

Izenzo zomnotho

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Izijeziso zezomnotho zivame ukukhokhiswa abantu noma izifunda ezephula amalungelo abantu. Izijeziso zivame ukugxekwa ngenxa yesici sayo sokujezisa ngokuhlanganyela ekulimazeni abantu bezwe ngokwezomnotho ukuze kwehliswe umbono wabantu ngohulumeni wabo. [12] [13] Kuyaphikiswa futhi ukuthi unswinyo olulimaza ohulumeni abanegunya luqinisa isikhundla saloyo hulumeni ngoba ohulumeni basezoba nezindlela eziningi zokuthola uxhaso kunalabo abagxekayo nabaphikisayo,okuyibo abazoba buthakathaka kakhulu.

Ingozi yokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu iyanda ngokwanda kwezibalo zabantu abasengozini yezezimali. Amantombazane avela emindenini empofu emazweni angkho embonini ngokuvamile abhekwa njengomthwalo wezezimali emndenini futhi ukushada kwabo basebancane kuqhutshwa ngethemba lokuthi bazokondliwa futhi bavikelwe imindeni ecebile. Ukucwiywa kwezitho zangasese zabesifazane kanye nokuncelisa amadodakazi ngenkani kuqhutshwa njengenye yezindlela zokwandisa amathuba omshado wabo kanjalo nokulondeka kwawo ngokwezimali ngokufeza izinhloso ezithile zezindinganiso zobuhle. Ezindaweni ezithile, amantombazane adinga isipiliyoni semikhuba yokuqalisa ucansi nabesilisa kanye nokuphasa ukuhlolwa kokuqeqeshwa kobulili , lokhu kuklanyelwe ukuwenza akhange kakhulu njengendlela yokwandisa amathuba omshado. Izinyathelo zokusiza isimo sezomnotho samaqembu asengozini ukuze kwehliswe ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu zihlanganisa imfundo yamantombazane kanye nemali encane eqinisekisiwe nokudluliswa kwemali okunemibandela, njenge- Bolsa umndeni oxhasa abazali abagcina izingane esikoleni kunokuba banikele emalini yomndeni, kube impumeleloekwehliseniukusetshenziswa kwezingane .

I-UN Human Rights Council, eyasungulwa ngo-2005, inegunya lokuphenya izinsolo zokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Amazwe angama-47 kwangu-193 angamalungu e-UN ahlala emkhandlwini, akhethwe ngevoti eliyimfihlo ku- United Nations General Assembly . Amalungu asebenza isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyisithupha futhi angase amiswe ubulungu bawo ngenxa yokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu ngendlela embi kakhulu. Umkhandlu uzinze eGeneva, futhi uhlangana kathathu ngonyaka; ngemihlangano eyengeziwe yokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo. [14]

UMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu

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I-UN Human Rights Council, eyasungulwa ngo-2005, inegunya lokuphenya izinsolo zokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Amazwe angama-47 kwangu-193 angamalungu e-UN ahlala emkhandlwini, akhethwe ngokweningi ngevoti eliyimfihlo ku- United Nations General Assembly . Amalungu asebenza isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyisithupha futhi angase amiswe ngenxa yokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu. Lo mkhandlu uzinze eGeneva, futhi uhlangana kathathu ngonyaka; uphinde ungeze imihlangano ukuze usabele ezimeni eziphuthumayo. [14]

Ongoti abazimele (ababhali) bagcinwe umkhandlu ukuze baphenye izinsolo zokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu kanye nokubika emkhandlwini.

UMkhandlu wamalungelo abantu ungacela ukuthi uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha udlulisele amacala ku-International Criminal Court (ICC) noma ngabe udaba oludluliswayo lungaphandle kwamandla okusebenza okujwayelekile e-ICC. [lower-alpha 2]

Ifilosofi yamalungelo abantu

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Kunezindlela eziningi zethiyori ezithuthukisiwe ukuze zichaze ukuthi kungani futhi kwenziwa yini ukuthi amalungelo abantu abe yingxenye yezinto ezilindelwe umphakathi.

Enye yamafilosofi amadala aseNtshonalanga ngamalungelo abantu iwukuthi awumkhiqizo womthetho wemvelo, osuka ezisekelweni ezihlukene zefilosofi noma zenkolo.

Eminye imibono ithi amalungelo abantu ahlanganisa ukuziphatha okuhle okuwumkhiqizo wenhlalo yabantu othuthukiswe inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nezenhlalo. Amalungelo abantu aphinde achazwe njengephethini yezenhlalo yokubeka imithetho (njengakuthiyori yezenhlalo yomthetho kanye nomsebenzi we- Weber ). Lezi zindlela zibandakanya umbono wokuthi abantu ngabanye emphakathini bamukela imithetho evela kwabasemagunyeni abasemthethweni ukuze bathole ukuvikeleka nenzuzo yezomnotho (njengaku- Rawls ) - inkontileka yomphakathi.

Imiqondo emalungelweni abantu

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Ukungahlukaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwamalungelo

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Ukuhlukaniswa okuvame kakhulu kwamalungelo abantu ukuwahlukanisa abe amalungelo omphakathi nawepolitiki, namalungelo ezomnotho, ezenhlalakahle namasiko. Inhloso yabantu abakhululekile abajabulela inkululeko yomphakathi neyepolitiki kanye nokuswela kungafezwa kuphela uma izimo zidalwa lapho wonke umuntu engajabulela amalungelo ezepolitiki, ezenhlalo, ezomnotho kanye namasiko. Lokhu kuthathwa njengokuyiqiniso ngoba ngaphandle kwamalungelo omphakathi nawepolitiki, umphakathi awukwazi ukugomela umnotho namasiko wawo.

Ukugxekwa

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Abagxeki bophiko lwesokudla bamalungelo abantu bathi "ayizinkambiso ezingenangqondo nezingenakuphoqeleka kanye nokugxambukela okungafanele ebukhosini bombuso", kuyilapho abagxeki abangakwesokunxele bamalungelo abantu bephikisana ngokuthi bayehluleka "ukufeza - noma ukuvimbela izindlela ezingcono zokufeza - imigomo eqhubekayo" .

  1. ↑ Nickel (2010).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Burns H. Weston, 20 March 2014, Encyclopædia Britannica, human rights. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 The United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, What are human rights?. Retrieved 14 August 2014
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 James Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Human Rights. Retrieved 14 August 2014
  5. ↑ Beitz (2009).
  6. ↑ Shaw (2008).
  7. ↑ Macmillan Dictionary, human rights – definition. Retrieved 14 August 2014, "the rights that everyone should have in a society, including the right to express opinions about the government or to have protection from harm"
  8. ↑ . p. 16. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Gary J. Bass (book reviewer), Samuel Moyn (author of book being reviewed), 20 October 2010, The New Republic, The Old New Thing. Retrieved 14 August 2014
  10. ↑ Freeman (2002).
  11. ↑ Moyn (2010).
  12. ↑ Habibzadeh. Economic sanction: a weapon of mass destruction. p. 816–817. 
  13. ↑ Mueller. Sanctions of mass destruction. p. 43–53. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Ball & Gready (2007).
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