Inkolo kaSathane
I-Satanism yiqembu lezinkolelo zemibono nefilosofi ezisekelwe kuSathane . Inqubo yenkolo yesimanje yenkolo kaSathane yaqala ngokusungulwa kweSonto likaSathane elingakholelwa ebukhoneni baseMelika eMelika ngo-1966, yize kunezinto ezimbalwa zomlando ezikhona. Ngaphambi umkhuba yomphakathi, ubusathane yayikhona ngokuyinhloko njengoba incwadi emangalela ehlukahlukene Christian amaqembu ngase waqonda abaphikisi yamaSoviet, kunokuba self-ungubani. Inkolo kaSathane, nomqondo kaSathane, kusetshenziswe futhi ngabadwebi nabezokuzijabulisa ngenkulumo engokomfanekiso.
Izinsolo zokuthi amaqembu ahlukahlukene abesebenzisa ubuSathane zenziwe kuwo wonke umlando wobukrestu. Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki okwakunamathele eSontweni LamaKatolika kwasola ukuthi amahlelo namaqembu ahlukahlukene angamaKristu, njengeK Knights Templar namaCathars, ayenza imicikilisho eyimfihlo kaSathane. Esikhathini esalandela se- Early Modern, ukukholelwa kutulo olwandile lukaSathane lwabathakathi kwaholela ekuvivinyweni okukhulu kwabasolwa ngokuthakatha kulo lonke elaseYurophu nasemakoloni aseNyakatho Melika. Izinsolo zokuthi uzungu lukaSathane lwalusebenza, nangemuva kwezehlakalo ezifana nobuProthestani (futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaProthestani athi uPapa wayengumphikukristu ) kanye neRevolution yaseFrance kwaqhubeka kwenziwa kweLobukholwa phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili kuya kwelekhulu lamashumi amabili.Umqondo wozungu olukhulu lukaSathane wafinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu ngenkohliso yaseTaxil yaseFrance ngawo-1890, eyathi abakwaFreemasonry babekhonza uSathane, uLusifa noBaphomet emasikweni abo.Ngawo-1980s nango-1990, isiko likaSathane lokuhlukumeza abantu lasabalala e-United States nase-United Kingdom, phakathi kokwesaba ukuthi amaqembu amaSatanist ayehlala ehlukumeza ngokocansi futhi ebulala izingane emasikweni abo.Ezimweni eziningi zalezi zimo, abukho ubufakazi obuhambisanayo bokuthi noma yibaphi balabo abasolwa ngobuSathane empeleni babengabenkolo yenkolo kaSathane noma benecala lezinsolo ababhekiswe kuzo.
Kusukela ngekhulu le-19, kwavela amaqembu enkolo amancane ahlukile akhomba njengabaSathane noma asebenzisa isithombe sobuSathane. Amaqembu kaSatanist avela ngemuva kweminyaka yama-1960 ahlukene kakhulu, kepha izitayela ezimbili ezinkulu ubuSathane bobukholwa nobusathane obungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu .Abakholelwa kuSathane bakhonza uSathane njengonkulunkulu ongaphezu kwamandla emvelo, bengambheki njengonamandla onke kodwa njengenzalamizi . Ngokuphambene nalokho, abakhonzi bakaSathane abangakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu babheka uSathane njengophawu lwezimpawu ezithile zabantu.
Inkolo kaSathane yenkolo yesimanjemanje yinto yaseMelika, imibono esakazeka kwenye indawo ngemiphumela yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ne-Intanethi.I-Intanethi isabalalisa ukuqwashiswa kwamanye amaSathane, futhi iyindawo enkulu yezimpi zamaSathane.Inkolo kaSathane yaqala ukufinyelela eYurophu Ephakathi neseMpumalanga ngeminyaka yama-1990s, ngesikhathi ngokuwa kweSoviet Union, futhi okugqame kakhulu ePoland naseLithuania, iningi lamazwe angamaRoma Katolika.
Incazelo hlela
Esifundweni sabo sobuSathane, izazi zezifundo zenkolo u- Asbjørn Dyrendal, uJames R. Lewis, noJesper Aa.UPetersen uthe igama elithi Satanism "linomlando wokuba yigama elenziwa ngabantu ngokumelene nalabo abangabathandi; igama elisetshenziselwa ' ukufaka abanye '".Umqondo wobuSathane ubuqambi bobuKrestu, ngoba buxhomeke kumuntu kaSathane, umlingiswa ovela ezinganekwaneni zobuKristu .
Kokunye, uPetersen uqaphele ukuthi "ubuSathane njengokuthile okwenziwa abanye kuhluke kakhulu kuSatanism njengokuzibiza". [8] Eugene Gallagher waphawula ukuthi, njengoba kuvame ukusetshenziswa, ubuSathane bebuvame ukuba " yisihluku, hhayi igama elichazayo". ]
Ngo-1994, usosayensi wezenhlalakahle wase-Italy, u- Massimo Introvigne waphakamisa ukuthi kuchazwe ubuSathane ngobukhona kanyekanye be- "ukukhonzwa komlingiswa okhonjwe ngegama likaSathane noma uLusifa eBhayibhelini, ) ngamaqembu ahleliwe okungenani enenhlangano kanye nabaphathi abancane ngokusebenzisa amasiko noma amasiko Incazelo isebenza kungakhathalekile ukuthi iqembu ngalinye libona kanjani ukuthi uSathane- njengomuntu uqobo noma ongeyena umuntu, ongokoqobo noma ongokomfanekiso]
Ushushiso hlela
Ucwaningo lomlando nolwe-anthropological luveza ukuthi cishe yonke imiphakathi ithuthukise umqondo wamandla amabi futhi aphikisana nabantu angazifihla emphakathini. [19] Lokhu kuvamise ukufaka ukukholelwa kubathakathi, iqembu labantu eliguqula imikhuba yomphakathi wabo futhi lifune ukulimaza umphakathi wabo, ngokwesibonelo ngokubandakanyeka ekungeneni kwezihlobo, ukubulala kanye nokudla abantu .
Izinsolo zobuthakathi zingaba nezimbangela ezahlukahlukene futhi zenze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene emphakathini.Ukwenza isibonelo, bangasebenzela ukugcina izinkambiso zomphakathi,ukukhulisa ukungezwani ezingxabanweni ezikhona phakathi kwabantu,noma ukukhipha abantu abathile ezinkingeni ezithile zenhlalo. [21]
Isiko lokuhlukumeza ngokwesiko hlela
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwaba nokwethuka kokuziphatha mayelana nezinkolo zokukhulekelwa kukaDeveli ezazisebenzisa ukuhlukumeza ngokocansi, ukubulala, nokudla abantu emasikweni alo, izingane ziphakathi kwezisulu zalo. [64] Ekuqaleni, abasolwa abenza ubugebengu obunjalo babebizwa ngokuthi "abathakathi", yize igama elithi "Satanist" lasheshe lamukelwa njengenye indlela ethandwayo, [64] futhi lesi simo ngokwaso sabizwa ngokuthi "yiSatanism Scare". [65] Abagqugquzeli bezimangalo bathi kunetulo lamaSathane ahleliwe aphethe izikhundla ezivelele emphakathini wonke, kusukela emaphoyiseni kuya kosopolitiki, nokuthi babenamandla anele okufihla ubugebengu babo. [66]
Omunye wemithombo eyinhloko yokwethusa kwakunguMichelle Remembers, incwadi yango-1980 kadokotela wezifo zengqondo waseCanada uLawrence Pazder lapho achaza kabanzi lokho athi yizinkumbulo ezicindezelwe zesiguli sakhe (kanye nonkosikazi) uMichelle Smith. USmith wayethe esemncane wayehlukunyezwa ngumndeni wakhe emasikweni kaSathane lapho kwakuhlatshelwa khona izingane kwavela noSathane uqobo. [68] Ngo-1983, kwenziwa izinsolo zokuthi umndeni wakwaMcMartin — abanikazi besikole esasenkulisa eCalifornia — babenecala lokuhlukumeza ngokocansi izingane ababanakekelayo ngesikhathi semicikilisho kaSathane. Lezi zinsolo ziholele ekutheni kuthethwe icala elide futhi elibizayo, lapho bonke abasolwa bezogcina besuliwe. [69] Ukusakazwa okwenziwe yileli cala kuholele ekutheni kwenziwe izinsolo ezifanayo nakwezinye izingxenye ezehlukene ze-United States. [70]
Imidwebo hlela
Izincwadi hlela
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1600s kuye kuma-1800s, isimilo sikaSathane saqhubeka senziwa singabalulekile kwifilosofi yasentshonalanga, futhi sanganakwa kwimfundiso yenkolo yobuKrestu, ngenkathi kwezenganekwane wabonakala njengomuntu oyisiphukuphuku kunokuba umuntu osabisayo. [82] Ukuthuthukiswa kwamagugu amasha ngeNkathi Yokukhanyiselwa (ikakhulukazi lokho kwesizathu nokuzimela ) kube nomthelela ekuguqukeni komqondo wabantu baseYurophu abaningi ngoSathane. [82] Kulesi simo, inqwaba yabantu yakhipha uSathane ekulandiseni okungokwesiko kobuKristu yaphinde yafunda futhi yamchaza kabusha ngokwesikhathi sayo kanye nezintshisekelo zayo, nakho lokho yakha izithombe ezintsha ezihlukile zikaSathane. [83]
Umqondo oshintshayo kaSathane ususelwa kuningi lenkondlo kaJohn Milton yenkondlo eyindumezulu ethi Paradise Lost (1667), lapho uSathane aziveza khona njengomlingisi ophambili. [84] UMilton wayengumfundi samaPuritan, futhi wayengakaze senzelwe Umdwebo wakhe kaSathane ukuze ube umuntu onozwela. [85] Kodwa-ke, ekuvezeni uSathane njengesisulu sokuziqhenya kwakhe owahlubuka kunkulunkulu wamaJuda namaKrestu, uMilton wamenza waba ngumuntu futhi wamvumela nokuthi atolikwe njengesihlubuki sobushiqela. [86] Yile ndlela uSathane kaMilton ayeqondwa ngayo ngabafundi bakamuva njengomshicileli uJoseph Johnson, [87] kanye nesazi sefilosofi se- anarchist uWilliam Godwin, owayiveza encwadini yakhe yango-1793 ethi Inquiry Concerning Political Justice . [86] IParadise Lost yathola ukufundwa okubanzi ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, zombili eBrithani nasezwenikazi laseYurophu, lapho yayihunyushelwe olimini lwesiFulentshi nguVoltaire . [88] Ngaleyo ndlela uMilton waba "ngumuntu ophakathi ekubhaleni kabusha ubuSathane" futhi wayezobhekwa ngabaningi bamaSathane bezenkolo kamuva njengo " de facto Satanist". [83]
Ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye leminyaka kwavela lokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi "ubuSathane bemibhalo" noma "ubuSathane bezothando". [89] NgokukaVan Luijk, lokhu ngeke kubonakale "njengokunyakaza okuhambisanayo nezwi elilodwa, kepha njengeqembu leposi elikhonjiwe lababhali kwesinye isikhathi abahlukahluka kakhulu okutholakala phakathi kwabo indikimba efanayo". [90] Kwabenkolo yamaSathane, uSathane wayevezwa njengomuntu onomusa futhi kwesinye isikhathi oyiqhawe, [91] nalezi zithombe ezizwelana kakhudlwana nezanda kwezobuciko nezinkondlo zabantu abaningi abathandanayo nabangasenandaba . [83] Kulaba bantu, ubuSathane kwakungeyona inkolelo yenkolo noma umsebenzi wesiko, kepha kunalokho "ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okufanekisa kanye nomlingiswa njengengxenye yezinkulumo zobuciko nezepolitiki". [92]
Umculo we-Metal ne-rock hlela
Ngekhathi zabo 1960 1970, idwala eziningana bands- okuyi American band Coven kanti iviyo British Black Widow, baqashwe isithombe ubusathane ubuthakathi emsebenzini wabo. [102] Ukubhekiswa kuSathane kuphinde kwavela emsebenzini walawo maqembu e-rock ayephayona uhlobo lomculo onesigqi esinamandla eBrithani ngawo-1970. [103] Ukwenza isibonelo, iqembu iBlack Sabatha lakhuluma ngoSathane ezingomeni zabo, yize amalungu amaningana eqembu ayengamaKrestu, namanye amagama aqinisekisa amandla kankulunkulu wamaKrestu phezu kukaSathane. [104] Ngawo-1980, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezithombe zikaSathane kwenziwa ngamabhendi esimbi anjengoSlayer, Kreator, Sodom, neDistruction . [105] Amabhendi asebenza ngaphansi kohlobo lwensimbi yokufa - phakathi kwawo kukhona iDeicide, Morbid Angel, ne- Entombed, nawo amukela izithombe zikaSathane, azihlanganisa nezinye izithombe ezesabekayo nezimnyama, njengalezo zombies kanye nababulali ababulalayo . [106]
Inkolo yobuSathane yayizosondelana kakhulu nengqikithi yensimbi emnyama, [103] lapho yayibekwe phambili kunezinye izingqikithi ezazisetshenziswe ku-death metal. [107] Abadlali abaningana bensimbi emnyama bafaka ukuzilimaza esenzweni sabo, bakwenza lokhu njengokubonakaliswa kokuzinikela kukaSathane. [107] Ibhendi yokuqala yensimbi emnyama, iVenom, yazimemezela njengabaSathane, yize lokhu kwakuyisenzo sokucasula kunokubonisa ukuzinikela kwangempela kuDeveli. [108] Izindikimba zikaSathane nazo zazisetshenziswa ngamabhande ensimbi amnyama uBathory noHellhammer . [109] Kodwa-ke, isenzo sokuqala esimnyama sokwamukela ubuSathane kwaba yiMercyful Fate, ogama layo, iNkosi uDiamond, yajoyina iSonto likaSathane . [110] Kaningi abaculi abazihlanganisa nensimbi emnyama bathi abakholelwa emibonweni esemthethweni kaSathane futhi kaningi bazisholo ukuthi abakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, abakholelwa ku-agnostics noma abakholelwa enkolweni .
Ngokuphikisana neKing Diamond, abakhonzi bakaSathane bensimbi eningi abamnyama bafuna ukuziqhelelanisa neLaVeyan Satanism, ngokwesibonelo ngokubhekisa ezinkolelweni zabo ngokuthi " ukukhulekelwa kukadeveli ". [112] Laba bantu babebheka uSathane njengomuntu ongokoqobo, [113] futhi ngokungafani no-Anton LaVey, bahlobanisa ubuSathane nobugebengu, ukuzibulala nokwethusa. [112] Kubo, ubuKrestu babuthathwa njengesifo esidinga ukuqedwa. [114] Abaningi balaba bantu, ababevelele kakhulu eVarg Vikernes nase- Euronymous, babebandakanyeka esigcawini sokuqala sensimbi saseNorway . [115] [116] Phakathi kuka-1992 no-1996, abantu abanjalo babhubhisa amasonto angama-50 aseNorway ekuhlaselweni ngomlilo. [117] Ngaphakathi black metal yesehlakalo, eziningi abaculi kamuva indawo Satanic izindikimba nalabo levela Heathenry, uhlobo kobuqaba yesimanje . [118]
Inkolo hlela
ISatanism yezenkolo ayikho ngendlela eyodwa, njengoba kukhona amaSatanism amaningi ahlukene enkolo, ngalinye linemibono ehlukene ngalokho okubandakanya ukuba ngumSathane. [119] Isazi-mlando senkolo uRuben van Luijk wasebenzisa "incazelo yokusebenza" lapho ubuSathane babuthathwa khona ngokuthi "ukuhlonishwa kukaSathane ngamabomu, nangokwezenkolo." [17]
Dyrendal, Lewis, futhi Petersen wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuwumsebenzi akukho nolulodwa ukunyakaza, kodwa simondzawo . [120] Bona kanye nabanye baye bakubiza ngakho njengenhlangano entsha yezenkolo . [121] Babekholelwa ukuthi kukhona ukufana komndeni okuhlanganisa wonke amaqembu ahlukene kule ndawo, [6] nokuthi iningi labo bekuyizinkolo zabo. [120] Baphikisana ngokuthi kwakukhona iqoqo lezici ezazivamile emaqenjini akulesi simo sikaSathane: lokhu kwakungukusetshenziswa okuhle kwegama elithi "uSatanist" njengegama, ukugcizelela ukuzimela, uhlu lozalo olubaxhumanisa nolunye Amaqembu kaSathane, ukuma okweqa umthetho nokuphikisana nabomama, ukuzibona njengabantu abakhulu, nokwamukela izindinganiso ezinjengokuziqhenya, ukuzethemba, kanye nokungahambisani nomkhiqizo. [122]
UDyrendal, uLewis noPetersen baphikisa ngokuthi amaqembu akulesi sigaba sobuSathane angahlukaniswa abe ngamaqembu amathathu: amaSatanist asebenzayo, amaSatanist anengqondo, kanye namaSatanist esoteric. [123] Babona ubuSathane obusebenzayo njengobuhlanganisa "ubuSathane obudumile, ubuKrestu obuhlanekezelwe kanye nokuhlubuka okungokomfanekiso" futhi bakuphawula ukuthi kubukeka njengokuphikisana nomphakathi kanti ngasikhathi sinye kuvumelana nombono womphakathi ngobubi. [123] Rationalist Satanism isetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukuthambekela kwesimo sikaSathane esingakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, esinokungabaza, sokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, nesipikure . [124] Esoteric Satanism esikhundleni salokho yasebenza kulawo mafomu angokwenkolo futhi athola imibono evela kwezinye izinhlobo ze- Western esotericism, Modern Paganism, Buddhism, and Hinduism . [124]
Abanduleli kanye namafomu okuqala hlela
Umuntu wokuqala ukuthuthukisa ifilosofi kaSathane kwakunguPole Stanislaw Przybyszewski, owakhuthaza umbono weSocial Darwinian . [126]
Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "Lusifa" naye wathathwa yi-French zemikhosi bili Eliphas Levi, ngubani uye wachazwa njengomuntu "zothando Satanist". [127] Ngezinsuku zakhe ezisencane, uLevi wasebenzisa "uLusifa" ngendlela efanayo engokomfanekiso njengeyothando lwemibhalo. [128] Ngenkathi eqonde kulondolozo lwezepolitiki empilweni yakamuva, wagcina ukusetshenziswa kwaleli gama, kepha walisebenzisa kulokho ayekholelwa ukuthi kuyindlela yokuziphatha engathathi hlangothi "ngokuphelele". [129]
ULevi kwakungeyena yedwa owenza imilingo owayefuna ukusebenzisa igama elithi "Lucifer" ngaphandle kokusebenzisa igama elithi "Sathane" ngendlela efanayo. [128] ITheosophical Society yakuqala yayikholelwa ukuthi "uLusifa" wayengamandla asiza ukuvusa isintu esimweni saso somoya. [130] Ngokuhambisana nale nkolelo, iNhlangano yaqala ukukhiqiza iphephabhuku elibizwa ngokuthi uLusifa . [131]
"USathane" waphinde wasetshenziswa ngaphakathi kohlelo lwe-esoteric olwenziwa ngumuntu waseDenmark uCarl William Hansen, owayesebenzisa igama lepeni elithi "Ben Kadosh". [131] UHansen wayebandakanyeke emaqenjini ahlukahlukene e-esoteric, afaka iMartinism, i- Freemasonry, ne- Ordo Templi Orientis, edweba imibono yamaqembu ahlukahlukene ukusungula ifilosofi yakhe. [131] Kwelinye iphamfulethi, unikeze incazelo "yeLuciferian" yeFreemasonry. [132] kaKadosh ushiye umthelela omncane ngaphandle kweDenmark. [133]
Ukuhleleka hlela
Isonto likaSathane hlela
U-Anton LaVey, obebizwa ngo "The Father of Satanism",wahlanganisa inkolo yakhe ngokusungulwa kweSonto likaSathane ngo-1966 kanye nokushicilelwa kwe- The Satanic Bible ngo-1969. Izimfundiso zikaLaVey zikhuthaze "ukuzitika", "ubukhona obubalulekile", "ukuhlakanipha okungangcolisiwe", "umusa kulabo abakufanele", "umthwalo wemfanelo kwababhekele", kanye " nehlo leso " ikhodi yokuziphatha, ngenkathi kugwenywa "ukuzithiba" kususelwa ekubeni necala, "ingokomoya", "uthando olungenamibandela", "ukuthula", "ukulingana", " umcabango womhlambi ", kanye " nokukhwabanisa ". U-LaVey wayecabanga ukuthi uSatanist ungumuntu wenyama, owenyama, futhi othanda izinto. Amagugu ayisisekelo weLaVey Satanism wukuthokozela ubukhona bomzimba, kanye nombono womhlaba ongaphazanyisiwe obheka isintu njengezilwane ezikhona endaweni yonke yezokuziphatha.