UbuChwepheshe boKwaziswa
Ubuchwepheshe bokwaziswa buyiqoqo lemikhakha ehlobene ehlanganisa iziCikizi, ihlelokusebenza, uLimi lokuhlelelisa ukudludlunga, nokuqoqonga ukwaziswa.[1] UbuChwepheshe boKwaziswa buyingxnye yobuchwepheshe boKwaziswa nokuxhumana.[2] Isimiso sobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa ngokuvamile okuyisimiso sokwaziswa, isimiso sekuxhumana, noma ngokungagunci, isimiso sesiCikizi — sihlanganisa zonke izingxenye zesicikizi, amahlelokusebenza, nezinsiza ezixhunywayo — ezigidingwa iqembu elincane labasebenzisi bobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa, futhi umklamo wobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa ngokuvamile usho ukuthunywa nokugunundwa kwesimiso sobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa.[3] IT systems play a vital role in facilitating efficient data management, enhancing communication networks, and supporting organizational processes across various industries. Successful IT projects require meticulous planning, seamless integration, and ongoing maintenance to ensure optimal functionality and alignment with organizational objectives.[4]
Nakuba abantu kudala baqala ukuqoqonga, ukulanda, ukulumba, nokuxhumana ngokwaziswa kusuka ekuthuthukisweni kwezimiso zokuloba zangaphambili,[5] ibizo elithi ubuchwepheshe bokwaziswa ngomqondo walo wanamuhla laqala ukuvela esibhalweni sangowe-1958 esashicilelwa kwi-Harvard Business Review; ababhali u-Harold J. Leavitt no-Thomas L. Whisler abaphawula ukuthi "ubuchwepheshe obusha abunalo igama elilodwa elimisiwe. Sizobubiza ngokuthi Ubuchwepheshe bokwaziswa."[6] Incasiselo yabo iqukethe iminxa emithathu: ubuchule bokudludlunga, ukusebenza kwezindlelasu zezibalomininingo kanye nomchazazibalo ekuthatheni izinqumo, nokufefenyeka kokucabanga kohlelo oluphakeme ngezinhleleliso zesicikizi.[6]
Leli bizo livame ukusetshenziswa njengomqondofana wezicikizi nezixhoxho zesicikizi, kodwa lihlanganisa nezinye ezobuchwepheshe zokusabalalisa ukwaziswa ezifana nomabonakude nezincingo. Imikhiqizo embalwa nezinkonzo ezimbalwa eziyingxenye yomnotho ziyamaniswa nobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa, zihlanganisa izingxenye zesicikizi, amahlelokusebenza, izingabazuba, izidlulisinzuba , uxhakaxholo, nezokuthengisa ngoxhakaxholo.[7][lower-alpha 1]
Ngokusekelwe kwezobuchwepheshe zokuqoqonga nokudludlunga ezisethsenziswayo, kulula ukuhlukanisa izigaba ezine ezingafani zokuthuthuka kobuChwepheshe boKwaziswa: ngaphambi kobunguxa (3000 BC — 1450 AD), inkathi yobunguxa (1450—1840), inzubanguxa (1840—1940), izingabazuba (1940 kuze kube manje).[5]
Ubuchwepheshe bokwaziswa buyigatsha lenzululwazi yesicikizi, olungachasiswa njengokufundwa okukhulu kwenkambiso, uhlaka, nokudludlungwa, kwezinhlobo zemininingo. Njengoba lomkhakha uqhubeka nokuguquka emazweni omhlaba, ukubaluleka kwawo sekukhulile, okuyilapho esiqala esibona khona ukungeniswa kwezifundo ezihlobene nenzululwazi yesicikizi emfundweni ye-K12.
uMlando
hlela
Amasu wenzululwazi yesicikizi aqala ukugagulwa ngaphambi konyaka we-1950 esikhungwini sobuchwepheshe saseMassachusetts (MIT) naseNyuvesi kaHarvard, lapho okwakudingidwa futhi kucatshangwa khona ngezintandelo zesiCikizi neziqaqululo zamanani. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imikhakha wobuchwepheshe boKwaziswa nowenzululwazi yesicikizi yaqala ukuba yinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu futhi yakwazi ukuphatha ukudludlungwa kwemininingo eminingi. Izibhalwa zongoti zaqala ukushicilelwa yizinhlangano ezihlukene.[9]
Amaphatho
hlela- ↑ Cosker, Glynn (2023), "What Is Information Technology? A Beginner's Guide to the World of IT", Technology Blog, Rasmussen University, https://www.rasmussen.edu/degrees/technology/blog/what-is-information-technology/.
- ↑ "Computer Technology Definition". Law Insider (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2022-07-11.
- ↑ Forbes Technology Council, 16 Key Steps To Successful IT Project Management, published 10 September 2020, accessed 23 June 2023
- ↑ Hindarto, Djarot (2023-08-30). "The Management of Projects is Improved Through Enterprise Architecture on Project Management Application Systems". International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science (IJSECS) 3 (2): 151–161. doi:10.35870/ijsecs.v3i2.1512. ISSN 2776-3242. https://journal.lembagakita.org/index.php/ijsecs/article/view/1512.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Butler, Jeremy G., A History of Information Technology and Systems, University of Arizona, archived from the original on 5 August 2012, https://web.archive.org/web/20120805042711/http://www.tcf.ua.edu/AZ/ITHistoryOutline.htm, retrieved 2 August 2012
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Leavitt, Harold J.; Whisler, Thomas L. (1958), "Management in the 1980s", Harvard Business Review 11, http://hbr.org/1958/11/management-in-the-1980s.
- ↑ Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (2011-02-10), "Information technology", A Dictionary of Media and Communication (first ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199568758, https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C&pg=PA211, retrieved 1 August 2012, "Commonly a synonym for computers and computer networks but more broadly designating any technology that is used to generate, store, process, and/or distribute information electronically, including television and telephone.".
- ↑ Ralston, Hemmendinger & Reilly (2000), p. 869.
- ↑ Slotten, Hugh Richard (2014-01-01). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199766666.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-976666-6.
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