Wikipedia

UHlakahlisombulu

ubuhlakani obuboniswa izinguxa

Artificial_Intelligence,_AI

uHlakahlisombulu ( AI ) ubuhlakani obuboniswa izinguxa, obuphambene nobuhlakani bemvelo obuboniswa izilwane nabantu. Ucwaningo ngohlakahlisombulu luchasiswa njengomkhakha wemfundo yezinto ezihlakaniphile, okubhekisela kunoma isiphi isimiso esibona indawo esizungezile futhi esithatha isinyathelo esizokwandisa amathuba aso okufinyelela imigomo yaso.

Igama elithi "uHlakahlisombulu" ngaphambilini lalisetshenziselwa ukuchazisa izinguxa ezilingisa amakhono "omuntu" okuqonda ayamaniswa nengqondo yomuntu, afana "nokufunda" kanye "nokuxazulula izinkinga". Abacwaningi abakhulu bohlakahlisombulu sebayinqabile lencasiselo futhi manje bachazisa uhlakahlisombulu ngokwenhluzeko nokwenza Izinto ezihluzekile, okuyincaziso enweba ukuchazwa kobuhlakani. [lower-alpha 1] Isichazamazwi sesingisi sase--Oxford sichasisa uhlakahlisombulu ngokuthi:[2]

kungumbono nokuthuthukiswa kwezimiso zesiCikizi ezikwazi ukwenza imisebenzi imvama edinga ubuhlakani bomuntu, efana ukuhlonga ngokubona, ukuqonda izwi, ukwenza izinqumo, nokuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili.

Izinhlelozokusebenza zohlakahlisombulu zihlanganisa izinjini zokuhlwaya ezithuthukisiwe zolwebu (isb., Google ), izinhlelo zezincomo (ezisetshenziswa i- YouTube, i-Amazon ne- Netflix ), ukuqonda izwi lomuntu (njenge- Siri ne- Alexa ), izimoto ezizishayelayo (isb., Tesla ), ukwenza izinqumo okuhlelelekiwe kanye nokuncintisana ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu ezinhlelweni zomfeketho wamaqhinga-su (ezifana noThimba nomHaqo ). [3] Njengoba izinguxa ziba nekhono ngokwengeziwe, imisebenzi ebhekwa njengedinga "ubuhlakani" ivamise ukususwa encazelweni yohlakahlisombulu, into eyaziwa ngokuthi 'umthelela wohlakahlisombulu' [4]. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqaphela iziqakaqo ngokukhanya (optical character recognition) kuvame ukungabalwa ezintweni ezithathwa njengohlakahlisombulu, njengoba sekuphenduke ezobuchwepheshe ezisebenza njalo. [5]

uHlakahlisombulu lwasungulwa njengomkhakha wezemfundo ngo-1956, futhi eminyakeni kusukela lapho uye wabhekana namagagasi ambalwa ethemba, [6] [7] okulandelwa ukudumala nokulahlekelwa uxhaso (okwaziwa ngokuthi " ubusika bohlakahlisombulu "), [8] [9] okwalandelwa izindlela ezintsha, impumelelo kanye noxhaso oluvuselelwe. [7] [10] Ucwaningo lohlakahlisombulu luye lwazama futhi lwalahla izindlela eziningi ezihlukene kusukela ekusungulweni kwalo, okuhlanganisa ukulingisa ubuchopho, ukufanisela ukuxazulula izinkinga zomuntu, ukucabanga okuhlelekile, isizindamininingo esikhulu solwazi kanye nokulingisa ukuziphatha kwezilwane. Eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-21, ukufunda kwenguxa okugxile kumchazazibalo kuye kwahamba phambili kulomkhakha, futhi lobunyonico buye baphumelela kakhulu, baba usizo ekuxazululeni izinkinga eziningi eziyinselele kwezezimboni nasemfundweni.

Imikhakha engaphansi kohlakahlisombulu ehlukene igxile emigomweni ekhethekile nasekusetshenzisweni kwamathuluzi akhethekile. Izimpokophelo zocwaningo olungokwesiko lohlakahlisombulu zihlanganisa ukuhluza (reasoning), ulwazi, ubusempu (representation), ukusongoza, ukufunda, ukuhidanisa ulimi lwemvelo (natural language processing), ukuzwa (perception), kanye nekhono lokuntinta nokuthonya Izinto. Ubuhlakani obuvamile (obuyikhono lokuxazula izinkinga) bungenye yezimpokophelo zesikhathi eside zalomkhakha. Ukuze baxazulule lezinkinga, abacwaningi bohlakahlisombulu baye bamukela futhi bahlayiza ubunyoninco bokuxazula izinkinga obunhlobonhlobo - obuhlanganisa ubungqanda bokuhlwaya nomchazazibalo (search and mathematical optimization), umhluzamqondo osemthethweni (formal logic), amaxhoxho ezibizwa ambulu (artificial neural networks), kanye nezindlelasu ezisekwe kwizibalontanya (statistics), umsongahle (probability) kanye nomnotho. Uhlakahlisombulu lubuye lugqobe kwinzululwazi yesicikizi, umchazangqondo, ezezilimi, injulalwazi, neminye imikhakha eminingi.

Lomkhakha wasungulwa kucatshangwa ukuthi ubuhlakani bomuntu "bungachaziswa ngokunembile kuze kwenziwe nenguxa ukuba ibufefenyeke". Lokhu kwavusa izimpikiswano zenjulalwazi ngokuphathelene nomqondo kanye nemiphumela yomcondozo ekukhandeni izidalwa ezimbulu ezinikezwe ubuhlakani obunje ngobomuntu; lezi kwakuzinto ezake zahlwaywa ngaphambili izinganekwane, izingeneko, nenjulalwazi kusukela endulo. Osonzululwazi besicikizi kanye nosonjulalwazi sebasikisele ukuthi uhlakahlisombulu lungaba ingcupho yokuphila kwabantu uma amakhono enhluzeko yalo awalulezelwa ngasemigomweni ezuzisayo.

uMlandoEdit

 
idrakma lecwebe lase-Krete elibonisa uThalos, inhlelelekwa yezinganekwane yasendulo enohlakahlisombulu

Isidalwa zokuzakhela ezinobuhlakani zavela njengezilekeleli zokuxoxa izindaba endulo, futhi zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinganekweni, njengakuleyo ka-Mary Shelley ebizwa Frankenstein noma eka-Karel Čapek ebizwa R.U.R. Laba balingiswa nesiphetho sabo baphakamisa izinkingana eziningi ezinye zazo okusaxoxwa ngazo namanje kwezomcondozo wohlakahlisombulu.

Ucwaningo lwenhluzeko yezinguxa noma 'engokomthetho' lwaqalwa Osonjulalwazi nabachazizibalo endulo. Ukufundwa komhluzangqondo womchazazibalo kwaholela embonweni wokucikiza ka-Alan Turing, owasikisela ukuthi inguxa, ngokushadaza izimpawu ezifana ne-"0" kanye no- "1", ingakwazi ukufefenyeka noma isiphi isenzo esicatshangwayo sesisuso somchazazibalo. Lomqondo wokuthi izicikizi zezezibhangqiwe zingafefenyeka noma iyiphi inqubo yenhluzeko esemthethweni waziwa ngokuthi umbono ka-Church-Turing. Lokhu, kanye nokuvubukulwa obekwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye kwezochazozinzwa (neurobiology), umbono wokwaziswa kanye nezokululezwa (cybernetics), kwaholela abacwaningi ekutheni bacubungule ukuba kungenzeka yini bakhe ubuchopho bamazuba. Umkhiqizo wokuqala namuhla owaziwa ngokuthi uhlakahlisombulu kwaba umklamo osemthethweni ka-McCullouch and Pitt we-1943 abawenzela "izinzwa zokuzakhela" ze-Turing-ephelele.

Ngaseminyakeni ye-1950, kwavela imibono emibili yokuthi ubuhlakani benguxa bungafezwa kanjani. Umbono wokuqala, owaziwa ngokuthi uHlakahlisombulu olungokoMfanekiso noma GOFAI, wawuzosebenzisa izicikizi ukukhanda unongo olungokomfanekiso lwezwe nezimiso ezikwazi ukuhluza ngokuphathelene nezwe. Abagqugquzeli balombono babehlanganisa u+Allen Newell, u-Herbert A. Simon, no-Marvin Minsky. Okuyamaniswa eduze nalombono kwakuyindlela "yokuhlwaya okunyalulayo" "heuristic search", eyayifanisa ubuhlakani nenkiyankiya yokuhlwaya umkhathinga wezimpendulo ezingasebenza. Umbono wesibili, owaziwa indlela yabaxhumanisi, wawufuna ukufeza ubuhlakani ngokufunda. Abagqugquzeli balombono, obhongoza wabo okwakungu Frank Rosenblatt, babefuna ukuxhuma i-Perceptron ngezindlela ezifuze uxhumano lwezinzwa. U-James Manyika nabanye sebaqhathanise lezindlela zokuya emqondweni ezimbili (uhlakahlisombulu olungokomfanekiso) kanye nobuchopho (ukuxhumanisa). UManyika uveza ukuthi izindlela ezingokomfanekiso zaziqhoqhobele ukufuqwa okuvuna uhlakahlisombulu kulenkathi, ngenxa yoxhumano namasiko wokuhlakanipha wabantu abanje ngo-Descarte, uBoole, uGottlob Frege, uBertrand Russell, nabanye. Izindlela zabaxhumanisi ezisekwe kwezokululeza noma amaxhoxhox weziNzwa ambulu zafuqelwa ngemuva kodwa ziye zazuza ukubaluleka emashumini eminyaka yakamuva.

Umkhakha wocwaningo lohlakahlisombulu wazalwa ngonyaka we-19556 eshabhu lase-Dartmouth College. Izihambeli zaphenduka abasunguli nabaholi bocwaningo lohlakahlisombulu. Zona kanye nabafundi zakhiqiza izinhlelo abezindaba abazichazisa ngokuthi "ezimangazayo": iziCikizi zazifunda amaqhingasu we-chekcers, zixazuluka izinkiyankiya zamazwi e-algebra, zifakazela ama-logical theorems futhi zifunda ukukhuluma isingisi. Maphakathi neminyaka ye-1960, ucwaningo kwelaseMelika lwaluxhaswa uMnyango wezokuVikela futhi izingqalaba zazisunguliwe ezweni lonke.

Abacwaningi eminyakeni ye-1960 naseminyakeni ye-1970 babegculisekile ukuthi izinsondelo ezingokomfanekiso zazizophumelela ekudaleni inguxa enohlakahlisombulu oluvamile (artificial general intelligence) futhi bathatha lokhu njengempokompelo yomkhakha wabo. UHerbet Simon wabikezela wathi, "phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili, izinguxa zizoba nekhono lokwenza noma imuphi umsebenzi owenziwa ngumuntu". UMarvin Minsky wavuma lapho ebhala wathi, "phakathi nesizukulwane esisodwa ... inkinga yokukhanda "uhlakahlisombulu" izoxazululwa ngokuphelele". Bahluleka ukuqaphela ubunzima neminye yemisebenzi eyayisasele. Ukuqombola kwagqoza futhi ngowe- 1974, ekusabeleni kokugxeka kuka-Sir James Lighthill nasengcindezeni eqhubekayo eqhamuka kumgwamanqa waseMelika wokuxhasa izinkebengo ezikhiqizwayo kakhulu, bobabili ohulumeni baseMelika naseBrithani banqamula ucwaningo oluhlwayayo kuhlakahlisombulu. Iminyaka eyalandela embalwa yabizwa ngokuthi "ubusika bohlakahlisombulu", inkathi lapho ukuthoka uxhaso lwezinkebengo zohlakahlisombulu okwakunzima ngayo.

ImithomboEdit

  1. ↑ Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 2.
  2. ↑ "artificial intelligence, n. : Oxford English Dictionary". www.oed.com (in i-English). Archived from the original on 2022-11-05. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2022-11-05. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Google (2016).
  4. ↑ McCorduck (2004).
  5. ↑ Schank (1991).
  6. ↑ Crevier (1993), p. 109.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Funding initiatives in the early 80s: Fifth Generation Project (Japan), Alvey (UK), Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (US), Strategic Computing Initiative (US):
  8. ↑ First AI Winter, Lighthill report, Mansfield Amendment
  9. ↑ Second AI Winter:
  10. ↑ Clark (2015b).


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