Umchazampilo

uMchazampilo yinzululwazi efunda ngempilo. Inzululwazi engokwemvelo enesikhangelo esibanzi kodwa enezihloko ezimbalwa eziyibumbayo ziyibophele ndawonye njengomkhakha owodwa, ohlangene. Ngokwesibonelo zonke iziPhili zakhiwa amangqamuzana adludlunga ukwaziswa kofuzo olulotshwe ezifuzisini, olungadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Esinye isihloko esikhulu ukuThubeka, okuchaza ubunye nokungafani kwempilo. Ukudludlunga isidlakathi nakho kubalulekile empilweni njengoba kuvumela iziPhili ukuba zinyakaze, zikhule futhi zizale. Okokugcina, zonke iziphili ziyakwazi ukulawula ubumvelo bazo ngaphakathi.

umchazampilo Isifundo sempilo.

top: izinungwana zethumbu -E. coli nendluzele
bottom: ibhungane nomuthi wemfingo

Abachazimpilo bayakwazi ukufunda ngempilo emazingeni okuhleleka amaningi, kusuka kuMchazampilo wamachembe wamangqamuzana kuya kuMhlakahlo nochazomzimba lwezimila nezilwane, kanye nokuThubeka kwezibalo zabantu. Ingakho kunoqeqesho oluningi oluyiminxa yomchazampilo, ngalunye olucaciswa yisimo semibuzo yocwaningo lwawo kanye namathuluzi eliwasebenzisayo. Njengabanye oSonzululwazi, abachazimpilo basebenzisa indlela-su engokwesayensi ukwenza izingqaphelo, bahlome imibuzo, bakhe izihlawumbiselo, benze imigcanso, futhi bafike esiphethweni mayelana nezwe elibazungezile.

Impilo emhlabeni uNomkhubulwane, eyavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-3.7 ezedlule, inezinhlobinhlobo ezingafani. Abachazimpilo baye bazimisela ukucwaninga nokujinja izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kusuka eziphilini zezimvelendeni (prokaryotic organisms) ezifana nezingunazana (archaea) nezinungwana kuya eziphilini eziyizinswelandeni (eukaryotic organisms) ezifana nezilokazana (protists), Ukhunta, Izitshalo, Izilwane. Lezinhlobo zeziphili zenza umnikelo kwimpilobanzi (biodiversity) yoxhaxhamvelo (ecosystem), lapho zineqhaza elikhethekile emjikelezweni wemisoco nesidlakathi ngesimo sazo semvelo.

Iziseko zevanga

AmaChwe nemizwayi

Zonke iziphili zadalwe ngezinhlwa zevanga;^[1] isOhwe, umCalahle, iHwanzi, kanye neNihwe zakha amaphsenti angama-96 esisindo sesiphili, bese umCaphana, iPholoba, ISibabuli, iNaside, iChwenzi, nomGethe zakha amaphesenti asele. Izinhlwa ezihlukene zingaxubana ukuze zakhe imiXube efana namanzi, ayisisekelo sempilo.^[1] umchazaziqa (biochemistry) yisifundo semidludlungu yeziqa ngaphakathi nangokuphathelene neziphili. Umchazampilo wemizwayi (Molecular biology) uyigatsha lomchazampilo elicinga ukuqonda iziseko zemizwayi ubuqhebeqhebeni bezinto eziphilayo ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana.

Amanzi

Unongo lweminqalo yeHwanzi (1) phakathi lwemizwayi yamanzi

Kuthiwa impilo yavela emanzini ezilwandle zokuqala ezisemhlabeni, ezakheka eminyakeni eyizigidigidi ezintathu ezidlule (3.8 billion).^[2] Kusukela lapho, amanzi asaqhubeka ekubeni umzwayi oyinala kuzo zonke iziphili. Amanzi abalulekile empilweni ngenxa yokuba yisincibilikisi esikhabangulayo, esikwazi ukuncibilikisa iziqa ezifana nezihonyo zeNaside ne chloride noma eminye imizwayi emincane ukuze kwakheke izibhunyela ze aqueous. Emva kokuncibilika emanzini, lezi ziqa ziyakwazi ukwenana zodwa futhi zihileleke ekusabeleni ngokwevanga okuwusizo ekuphaseni impilo.^[2] Ngokuqondene nohlaka lwawo olungokonzway, amanzi awumzwayi omncane onamachopho, futhi anobumo obubhenile obakhiwa iminqalonzuba esemachosheni, amaChwe amabili eHwanzi (H) nechwe elinye lesOhwe (O) (H₂O).^[2] Ngenxa yokuthi iminqalo O–H isemacosheni, iChwe lesOhwe linomlelesa ophikayo bese amachwe amabili eHwanzi wona abe nomlelesa ovumayo.^[2] Lama chopho amanzi, awavumela ukuba ahehe eminye imizwayi yamanzi ngomnqalo wehwanzi, okuwenza akwazi ukunqokothelana.^[2] Ubuphakuphaku obusebusweni buwumphumela wesiphoqi sokunamatha ngenxa yokuqalangana okuphakathi kwemizwayi ebusweni boketshezi.^[2] Water is also adhesive as it is able to adhere to the surface of any polar or charged non-water molecules.^[2] Amanzi anesiluthe uma ewuketshezi ukwedlula uma ewumkhumanqa.^[2] Lesi sigubo samanzi esiyingqayizivele sivumela isiqeda (ice) ukuba sintante phezulu kwamanzi aluketshezi afana namachibi, nezilwandle, futhi lesi siqeda sigubuzela uketshezi olungaphansi emoyeni obandayo ongaphezulu.^[2] Amanzi ayakwazi ukumunyunga isidlakalasi, futhi azizuzele umthamo wekhoza kunezinye izincibilikisi ezifana nomzambiya.^[2] Ngalokho, kudingeka isidlakalasi esiningi ukuze kucazwe iminqalo yehwanzi ephakathi kwemizwayi yamanzi ukuze lo ketshezi uguquke umhwamuko wamanzi.^[2]

Amaphatho

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Urry, Lisa; Cain, Michael; Wasserman, Steven; Minorsky, Peter; Reece, Jane (2017). "The chemical context of life". Campbell Biology (11th ed.). New York: Pearson. pp. 28–43. ISBN 978-0134093413.
↑ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 Freeman, Scott; Quillin, Kim; Allison, Lizabeth; Black, Michael; Podgorski, Greg; Taylor, Emily; Carmichael, Jeff (2017). "Water and carbon: The chemical basis of life". Biological Science (6th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Pearson. pp. 55–77. ISBN 978-0321976499.

[urry2017b-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Urry, Lisa; Cain, Michael; Wasserman, Steven; Minorsky, Peter; Reece, Jane (2017). "The chemical context of life". Campbell Biology (11th ed.). New York: Pearson. pp. 28–43. ISBN 978-0134093413.

[freeman2017b-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 Freeman, Scott; Quillin, Kim; Allison, Lizabeth; Black, Michael; Podgorski, Greg; Taylor, Emily; Carmichael, Jeff (2017). "Water and carbon: The chemical basis of life". Biological Science (6th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Pearson. pp. 55–77. ISBN 978-0321976499.

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